Artículos Científicos

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The O-Chain of Brucella abortus Lipopolysaccharide Induces SDS-Resistant MHC Class II Molecules in Mouse B Cells
(Elsevier, 1994-09-15) Escola, Jean Michel; Moreno, Edgardo; Chavrier, Philippe; Gorvel, Jean Pierre E.
El LPS es el antígeno más importante de las bacterias Brucella, patógenos intracelulares facultativos gramnegativos que infectan a una gran proporción de animales y humanos en el mundo. Para comprender mejor los mecanismos de respuesta inmunitaria monitoreados por Brucella, se utilizó su LPS como antígeno modelo. Se probó la capacidad de S-LPS, R-LPS, lípido A y cadena O purificados de Brucella abortus para inducir moléculas MHC clase II resistentes a SDS después de la incubación con células de linfoma B murino. El S-LPS y la cadena O dieron una respuesta significativa, lo que sugiere que la cadena O podría inducir una asociación con la propia clase II o podría actuar como transportador de antígenos para unirse a moléculas MHC clase II.
The SAPUVETNET Projects: experiences of intersectoral collaboration and research/training in Veterinary Public Health across Latin America and Europe
(Societa Italiana di Medicina Tropicale, 2011-07) De Meneghi, Daniele; Bert, Elena; Porporato, Piercarlo; Pattono, Daniele; Cediel, Natalia; Vilhena, Manuela; Padre, Ludovina; Arroube, Sofia; Baltasar, Patricia; Custodio, Angelo; Villamil, Luis Carlos; Romero, Jaime; Mutis, Claudia; Sommerfelt, Irma; Lopez, Clara; Van Knapen, Frans; Keessen, Liny; De Rosa, Mauro; Rosenfeld, Carla; Leguia, Guillermo; Falcon, Nestor; Torres, Miguel; Romero, Paul; Caballero, Magaly; Quiros, Jorge; Quiros, Ligia; Muñoz, Lohendy; Fonseca, Adolfo; Duttman, Christiane; Jiron, William; Sheleby, Jessica; Guitian, Javier; Alonso, Silvia; Gimeno, Olga; Simon, Mari Carmen; Ortega, Carmelo; Gil, Andres; Rios, Cristina; Pfuetzenreiter, Marcia; Gorniak, Silvana; Renteria, Tomas; Pujol, Carolina; Tinoco, Luis; Hoet, Armando; De Sousa, Paulo Cesar; Estol, Leopoldo; Dobosch, Dora; Parrilla, Guillermo; Vargas, Raul; De Balogh, Katinka
SAPUVETNET is the acronym of "Red de Salud Publica Veterinaria/Network of Veterinary Public Health", a series of projects co-financed under the EU ALFA program, aimed to support an International network on Veterinary Public Health (VPH) constituted by Faculties of Veterinary Medicine from Latin-America (LA) and Europe (EU) (http://www.sapuvetnet.org). Since its start in 2002, SAPUVETNET has been continuously growing and expanding, and now it also includes several International collaborating institutions/organizations. The SAPUVETNET projects have envis-aged a series of objectives/activities aimed to promote and enhance VPH research/training and intersectoral collaboration across LA and EU. Project partners use a mail-list and distance learning platforms (e.g. Moodle, Colibri) to organize common teaching activities. Major results so far achieved are: harmonisation/development of a common VPH curriculum; creation of common modules/courses on selected VPH topics; use of innovative teaching methods, based on problem solving approach/case studies; publication of videos (DVDs) and self-learning program (CD-ROM) on meat inspection/hygiene (in 3 languages); development of an on-line VPH teaching Manual (beta version in Spanish); organization of e-conferences on upcoming VPH issues; publication of a new International VPH Journal "Una Salud/One Health/Uma Saude" (in 3 languages); exchanges of teachers/researchers (e.g. bilateral visits LA-EU-LA) and coordinating meetings; participation in and/or organization of VPH seminars/congresses/conferences at National and International level; publication of scientific and popular articles on VPH issues related to project activities. SAPUVETNET didactic tools have been and/or are being tested/used by partner faculties/universities and other teaching institutions. Didactic material can be freely circulated and distributed, and can be used for distance learning, be modified/adapted to the local context of any country/geographical area, even outside LA and EU.
Forensic investigation of a 1986 outbreak of osteopetrosis in commercial brown layers reveals a Novel Avian Leukosis Virus–Related Genome
(Asociación Estadounidense de Patólogos Aviares, 2010-09-01) Barboza, Taylor; Ramírez, Marcia; Hafner, Scott; Cheng,A., Sunny; Zavala, Guillermo
Se sabe que el virus de la leucosis aviar (VLA) causa varias enfermedades neoplásicas en pollos, como linfomas de células B, mielocitomas, eritroblastosis y otros tipos de neoplasia, incluyendo la osteopetrosis. En este trabajo, describimos la identificación de secuencias únicas de ADN proviral relacionadas con el VLA en un hueso de pollo archivado afectado con osteopetrosis. El hueso osteopetrótico se obtuvo de una gallina ponedora marrón afectada de 46 semanas de edad durante un brote de osteopetrosis en Costa Rica en 1986. El análisis del ADN proviral en el hueso osteopetrótico de 23 años de edad reveló secuencias exógenas únicas relacionadas con el VLA, denominadas CR-1986 (Costa Rica, 1986). Las repeticiones terminales largas (LTR) 5′ y 3′ en el ADN proviral fueron idénticas entre sí. Las regiones U3 en las LTR fueron las más similares a las secuencias equivalentes en el VLA-J, mientras que la región U5 fue idéntica a las secuencias endógenas conocidas del VLA-E. La proteína de envoltura CR-1986 predicha fue más similar a la envoltura del virus asociado a la mieloblastosis tipo 1 (MAV-1), aunque el porcentaje de similitud de la secuencia de aminoácidos con MAV-1 fue bajo (90,4%). Las regiones variables e hipervariables de gp85 mostraron varias mutaciones en comparación con cepas representativas de ALV. La proteína de envoltura gp37 (transmembrana o TM) mostró tres mutaciones de leucina a serina que pueden representar cambios importantes en la conformación de esta proteína, un hallazgo que se está investigando actualmente. Varios eventos de recombinación pueden haber contribuido a la aparición de CR-1986 porque cada segmento analizado fue similar a un ALV diferente. CR-1986 puede representar un ALV único basado en características distintivas de su proteína de envoltura predicha en comparación con los ALV informados previamente.
Dual Mycotic Infection in a Chicken
(Asociación Estadounidense de Patólogos Aviares, 1985-04) Mendoza, Leonel; Fonseca, Edwin
Se demostro histopatologicamente una doble infecci6n micotica causada por Aspergillus fumigatus e hifas gruesas semejantes al grupo de los zigomicetes en el pulmon de un pollo de 12 semanas de edad. A. fumigatus fue aislado, pero no se observó el crecimiento de zigomicetes.
Favus in a Fighting cock Caused by Microsporum Gallinae
(Asociación Americana de Patólogos Aviares, 1984-07) Mendoza, Leonel; Fonseca, Edwin
Se reporta por primera vez en Costa Rica la presencia de tiña en pollos. El diagnóstico se hizo en un gallo de pelea de un año de edad que presentó lesiones alrededor de la cresta. El agente etiológico fué aislado y clasificado como Microsporum gallinae. El gallo afectado se recuperó con el uso de tolnaftate y griseofulvina como tratamientos local y oral respectivamente.
Actividad ovárica y tasa de gestación en novillas suplementadas en el Trópico Húmedo de Costa Rica
(Universidad de Chile, 2014) Jiménez J., Alejandro; Estrada Koning, Sandra; Pablos H., José; Galina H., Carlos; Galindo B., Jaime
Se determinó el efecto de la suplementación sobre la actividad ovárica y tasa de gestación en novillas Bosindicus (n=41) nulíparas de dos a tres años, divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos: el suplementado (GS n=21) con un concentrado comercial (13,5% PC, 2,850 Mcal ED/kg MS) a razón del 1% del peso; con un periodo de 15 días de adaptación más 30 de suplementación y el testigo (GNS n=20). Ambos pastando Estrella Africana (Cynodonplestostachium), Ratana (Ischaemumindicum) y Tanzania (Panicummaximum); agua y sales minerales ad libitum). Las hembras se sincronizaron con Crestar® y servidas con dos toros de fertilidad probada. El diseño experimental fue al azar utilizando el programa estadístico JMP 10® de SAS Institute Inc. para el análisis. La condición corporal (CC) y grasa dorsal (GD) no son diferentes (P>0.05) así como los porcentajes entre grupos para actividad ovárica (ciclicidad y estructuras ováricas), tasa de preñez, los eventos de ciclicidad y gestación a lo largo del tiempo (P>0.05). La estimación de ocurrencia de la gestación en función del suplemento y la ciclicidad, según el modelo: Gest = f(GEST, CYC, TRAT) no mostró efecto del tratamiento (P>0.05) pero si significancia en los momentos de detección de la gestación (día 33 y día 45 respectivamente) entre grupos (P< 0.0001). En conclusión, el método de suplementación ensayado no tuvo mayor efecto sobre las variables estudiadas.
Pathology caused by the trematode circumvitellatrema momota in free-range wild blue-crowned motmots (Momotus momota) in Central America
(American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2025) Chaves Hernandez, Aida; Jiménez Rocha, Ana; Quesada Vasquez, Dioney; Lizano Zumbado, Adrián; Martínez, Juan; Jiménez-Soto, Mauricio
Wildlife conservation law in Costa Rica protects common motmots (Momotus momota), limiting the specimens available to study their health and biology. This report describes the finding of the trematode Circumvitellatrema momota in the trachea, air sacs, lung, and celomatic cavity of two free-living M. momota. Histiocytic air sacculitis and pleuritis with granulomas containing trematodes, as well as adhesions between the air sacs and pericardium, were observed. In addition, histiocytic pneumonia, air sacculitis, celomitis, ulcerative tracheitis, and necrotizing histiocytic hepatitis showing intralesional parasites were detected. Eggs with morphology compatible with C. momota were found in the feces of both birds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. momota in motmots of Central America. As may be seen in the second case, severe respiratory compromise was possibly affecting the bird’s capacity to fly. Longitudinal studies of the host, parasite, and environment are necessary to understand the implication for C momota infection to the health and survival of the common motmot.
Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis
(Frontiers, 2014-05-13) Moreno, Edgardo
Members of the genus Brucella are pathogenic bacteria exceedingly well adapted to their hosts. The bacterium is transmitted by direct contact within the same host species or accidentally to secondary hosts, such as humans. Human brucellosis is strongly linked to the management of domesticated animals and ingestion of their products. Since the domestication of ungulates and dogs in the Fertile Crescent and Asia in 12000 and 33000 ya, respectively, a steady supply of well adapted emergent Brucella pathogens causing zoonotic disease has been provided. Likewise, anthropogenic modification of wild life may have also impacted host susceptibility and Brucella selection. Domestication and human influence on wild life animals are not neutral phenomena. Consequently, Brucella organisms have followed their hosts’ fate and have been selected under conditions that favor high transmission rate. The “arm race” between Brucella and their preferred hosts has been driven by genetic adaptation of the bacterium confronted with the evolving immune defenses of the host. Management conditions, such as clustering, selection, culling, and vaccination of Brucella preferred hosts have profound influences in the outcomeof brucellosis and in the selection of Brucella organisms. Countries that have controlled brucellosis systematically used reliable smooth live vaccines, consistent immunization protocols, adequate diagnostic tests, broad vaccination coverage and sustained removal of the infected animals. To ignore and misuse tools and strategies already available for the control of brucellosis may promote the emergence of new Brucella variants. The unrestricted use of low-efficacy vaccines may promote a “false sense of security” and works towards selection of Brucella with higher virulence and transmission potential.
When climate change couples social neglect: malaria dynamics in Panamá
(Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2014) Amarilis Hurtado, Lisbeth; Cáceres, Lorenzo; Chaves, Luis Fernando; Calzada, José E
A major challenge of infectious disease elimination is the need to interrupt pathogen transmission across all vulnerable populations. Ethnic minorities are among the key vulnerable groups deserving special attention in disease elimination initiatives, especially because their lifestyle might be intrinsically linked to locations with high transmission risk. There has been a renewed interest in malaria elimination, which has ignited a quest to understand factors necessary for sustainable malaria elimination, highlighting the need for diverse approaches to address epidemiological heterogeneity across malaria transmission settings. An analysis of malaria incidence among the Guna Amerindians of Panama´ over the last 34 years showed that this ethnic minority was highly vulnerable to changes that were assumed to not impact malaria transmission. Epidemic outbreaks were linked with El Nin˜ o Southern Oscillations and were sensitive to political instability and policy changes that did not ensure adequate attention to the malaria control needs of the Gunas. Our results illustrate how the neglect of minorities poses a threat to the sustainable control and eventual elimination of malaria in Central America and other areas where ethnic minorities do not share the benefits of malaria control strategies intended for dominant ethnic groups.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Peruvian Amazon, 2020
(Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2025) Piche-Ovares, María Marta; García Mendoza, Maria Paquita; Moreira Soto, Andres; Fischer, Carlo; Brünink, Sebastian; Figueroa Romero, Maribel Dana; Merino Sarmiento, Nancy Susy; Marcelo Ñique, Adolfo Ismael; Málaga Trillo, Edward; Gatty Nogueir, Miladi; Cabezas Sanchez, César Augusto; Drexler, Jan Felix
We screened 1,972 febrile patients from the Peruvian Amazon in 2020–2021 for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Neutralizing antibody detection rate was 3.9%; 2 patients were PCR positive. Genome identity compared to Peru VEEV subtype ID strains was 97.6%–98.1%. Evidence for purifying selection and ancestry ≈54 years ago corroborated VEEV endemicity.
In-vivo and ex-vivo evaluation of bio-inspired structures fabricated via PBF-LB for biomedical applications
(Elsevier, 2025-04) Araya, Miguel; Järvenpää, Antti; Rautio, Timo; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; Estrada McDermott, Roberto; de Ruijter, Mylène
Titanium-based lattice structures have gained significant attention in biomedical engineering due to their potential to mimic bone-like behavior and improve implant performance. This study evaluates the performance of bio-inspired Ti64 TPMS Gyroyd and Stochastic lattice structures fabricated via Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam (PBF-LB), focusing on their in-vivo and ex-vivo mechanical and biological responses for biomedical applications. Utilizing an SLM 280 HL printer, samples exhibited notable geometric accuracy essential for mechanical integrity. The study highlights significant mechanical properties and geometric precision improvements achieved through chemical etching. Mechanical characterization revealed that the as-built Gyroid lattice had the highest elastic modulus (3.64 GPa) and yield strength (200.65 MPa), which improved post-etching (3.62 GPa and 219.35 MPa, respectively). The Stochastic lattice demonstrated lower yield strength values post-etching (169.81 MPa). In-vivo analyses in horse models, both structures demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and osseoin-tegration with no adverse inflammatory responses. Ex-vivo push-out tests showed that the chemically etched Gyroid structure achieved the highest resistance to push-out force (1645.407 N) and most significant displacement (2.754 mm), indicating superior energy absorption (4920.425 mJ). These findings underscore the critical influence of microstructural design and surface treatments on implant functionality, offering novel insights into improving biomedical implant performance through lattice architecture and post-processing.
Seroprevalencia de agentes infecciosos que afectan el sistema reproductor de búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis), en Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2025) Rivera, Josué; Zúñiga, María José; ROMERO-ZUÑIGA, JUAN JOSÉ; Dolz, Gaby
Los búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) son susceptibles a la mayoría de patógenos que afectan a los bovinos, siendo aquellos que ocasionan problemas reproductivos o baja productividad, los que más inciden en la producción pecuaria. Hasta la fecha, en Costa Rica, únicamente se ha determinado la prevalencia de brucelosis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del virus de leucosis bovina (BLV), herpes virus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1), virus de la diarrea viral bovina (BVDV) y Neospora caninum en búfalos de agua de Costa Rica. Se recolectaron, durante mayo y agosto de 2020, 372 muestras de sangre de individuos mayores a 15 meses edad pertenecientes a 20 fincas de las provincias de Alajuela, Guanacaste, San José, Heredia, Limón y Puntarenas. Las muestras se analizaron mediante técnicas inmunoenzimáticas comerciales (IDVET, Montpellier, Francia). Se determinó la seroprevalencia global, así como a nivel de fincas, de cada agente. Las seroprevalencias globales estimadas para BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum fueron 54,0%, 41,7%, y 64,3%, respectivamente. Hubo seropositivos a BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum en todas las provincias analizadas. Las mayores seroprevalencias de BHV-1 se determinaron en Alajuela (65,3%), Heredia (52,8%) y Limón (45,4%); las de BVDV en San José (68,2%) y Alajuela (63,9%), y de N. caninum en San José (86,4%), Alajuela (69,4%), Guanacaste (66,6%) y Limón (61,4%). El 85,0%, 75,0% y 100% de las fincas resultaron positivas a BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum, respectivamente. En ninguna finca se detectaron animales positivos a BLV. Este es el primer estudio que reporta la seroprevalencia de BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum en búfalos de agua de Costa Rica. Estos agentes podrían estar ocasionando problemas reproductivos en las fincas, por lo que se recomienda investigar el efecto de estos patógenos tendientes a establecer programas de control y prevención.
Compressive behavior of SLA open-cell lattices: a comparison between triply periodic minimal surface gyroid and stochastic structures for artificial bone
(ELSEVIER, 2024-11-11) Araya, Miguel; Murillo, Josué; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; Guillen, Teodolito
This study evaluates the compressive properties of stereolithography (SLA) fabricated open-cell lattices, specifically triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid and stochastic structures, for artificial bone applications. Two resins, Standard White and BioMed Amber, were tested across four relative densities (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). Mechanical characterization of horse tuber coxae trabecular bone used as a biological comparator showed an average elastic modulus of 0.05 GPa and a yield strength of 3.369 MPa. Gyroid structures exhibited higher elastic modulus and yield strengths, with BioMed Amber gyroid at a density of 0.5, achieving an elastic modulus of 0.623 GPa and yield strength of 14.149 MPa. Stochastic structures showed lower and more variable mechanical properties. The highest yield strength for stochastic structures was observed in BioMed Amber at a density of 0.5 (14.199 MPa). Comparative analysis indicated that high-performing synthetic structures approach the lower bounds of natural bone properties. Using a field-driven design approach, variable relative density structures were developed to emulate the mechanical properties of natural bone. SEM analysis provided insights into failure mechanisms, highlighting the impact of relative density on structural integrity and material ductility. This research supports the development of 3D-printed bone-like structures as viable substitutes for cadaveric specimens in preclinical tests, with implications for material science and orthopedic applications.
Reactivation of hidden-latent Brucella infection after doxycycline and streptomycin treatment in mice
(American Society for Microbiology, 2024-02) Sancho Sánchez, Eugenia; García Arteaga, Kimberly; Granados Chinchilla, Fabio; Artavia, Graciela; Alfaro-Alarcon, Alejandro; Villalobos Villalobos, Andrés; Bouza Mora, Laura; Suárez Esquivel, Marcela; Chacón Díaz, Carlos; Guzman-Verri, Caterina; Moreno, Edgardo; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS
Brucellosis has therapeutic challenges due to 3%–15% relapses/therapeutic failures (R/TF) after antibiotic treatment. Therefore, determining the antibiotic concentration in tissues, the physiopathological parameters, and the R/TF after treatment is relevant. After exploring different antibiotic quantities, we found that a combined dose of 100 µg/g of doxycycline (for 45 days) and 7.5 µg/g of streptomycin (for 14 days), respectively, achieved therapeutic levels of more than fourfold minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Brucella abortus in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and plasma of mice, causing minimal pathophysiological effects. After 30 days of infection, mice received antibiotics, and ematological, histopathological, biochemical, and immunological analyses were performed. After antibiotic therapy, the pathological, hematological, immunological, and physiological profiles paralleled those described in human brucellosis. Treatment lowered antibody titers, reduced proinflammatory cytokines, and reduced inflammation in the target organs for a protracted period. No bacteria were detected in tissues 8 weeks after treatment, suggesting complete recovery. However, despite high doxycycline and streptomycin concentrations in tissues, relapses appeared in 100% of the animals after 182 days post-infection, estimated by the bacterial counts and PCR from organs. This proportion contrasts with the 15% R/TF observed in humans after antibiotic treatments. None of the B. abortus isolated from relapses showed augmented MICs or mutations coding for antibiotic resistance in chromosomalrelevant regions. We discuss whether our findings constitute a general phenomenon or differences in the exhaustive screening method for bacteria detection related to the murine model. Along these lines, we envision likely mechanisms of bacterial persistence in tissues after antibiotic treatment.
Estrategias para el manejo de heridas crónicas complicadas con biopelícula de bacterias multirresistentes en equinos: revisión bibliográfica, diagnóstico y protocolo de tratamiento
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2024) Estrada McDermott, Juan Manuel; Vicente Salazar, Yayo; Vargas Arrieta, José; Alpízar Boza, Adriana; Rubí Chacón, Randall; Alfaro Umaña, Edgar; Estrada Pull, Tiffany; Rojas Sánchez, Ernesto; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS; Muñoz Vargas, Lohendy; Estrada Umaña, Manuel
El propósito de este artículo es discutir algunos hechos relevantes hallados en varios casos clínicos de resistencia antibiótica tratados en equinos con la meta de hacer conciencia sobre el problema, revisar la literatura especializada en el tema y proponer alternativas terapéuticas diferentes al uso de los antibióticos disponibles. El tracto fistuloso ejemplifica una herida crónica y se manifiesta como un túnel subcutáneo con egreso a piel que permite la salida de secreción contaminada. Cuando el tracto está infectado con bacterias multirresistentes y presencia de biopelícula entonces el tratamiento médico es bastante más complicado, prolongado en el tiempo y caro debido al costo de procedimientos diagnósticos, manejo veterinario, medicamentos e internamiento hospitalario ocupado en muchos casos, además de que generalmente no se puede efectuar el uso zootécnico esperado para el animal hasta que el mismo sane y su precio se devalúa por la lesión. El rol de las biopelículas bacterianas en heridas con infección crónica es abordado y en vista de la dificultad para identificarlas, se aconseja buscar los signos clínicos específicos sugerentes del problema y aplicar el “Algoritmo Diagnóstico de Percival” para la detección de biopelícula. El tratamiento debería basarse en desbridamiento repetido y aplicación de terapia antimicrobiana tópica, sin recetar antibióticos sistémicos a menos que existan signos de infección generalizada. Se discuten un protocolo de tratamiento para mejorar el manejo de la lesión y la utilización de sustancias antisépticas alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales actuales, además de aplicación de conceptos de UNA SALUD para lidiar con el problema.
American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus: Reptilia: Crocodilidae) visiting the facilities of a freshwater aquaculture of the Northern Pacific region, Costa Rica, carry tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli
(Frontiersin.org, 2024-04-05) Mateus Vargas, Rafael Hernán; Arias Pérez, Verónica; Sandoval Hernández, Iván; Hammerl, Jens Andre; Barquero-Calvo, Elías
Apex predators are exposed to antimicrobial compounds and resistant microbes, which accumulate at different trophic levels of the related ecosystems. The study aimed to characterize the presence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of fecal Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swab samples obtained from wild-living American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) (n = 53). Sampling was conducted within the distinctive context of a freshwater-intensive aquaculture farm in Costa Rica, where incoming crocodiles are temporarily held in captivity before release. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined in all isolates, while resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. In total, 24 samples contained tetracycline-resistant E.coli (45.3%). Isolates carried either tet(A), tet(B), or tet(C) genes. Furthermore, genes conferring resistance to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, sulfonamides, phenicol, quinolones, trimethoprim, and colistin were detected in single isolates, with seven of them carrying these genes on plasmids. Genome sequencing further revealed that sequence types, prevalence of antibiotic resistance carriage, and antibiotic resistance profiles differed between the individuals liberated within the next 24 h after their capture in the ponds and those liberated from enclosures after longer abodes. The overall presence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli, coupled with potential interactions with various anthropogenic factors before arriving at the facilities, hinders clear conclusions on the sources of antimicrobial resistance for the studied individuals. These aspects hold significant implications for both the aquaculture farm’s biosecurity and the planning of environmental monitoring programs using such specimens. Considering human-crocodile conflicts from the One Health perspective, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance underscores the importance of systematical surveillance of antibiotic resistance development in American crocodiles.
Infectious agents in birds, and forest alteration in Northern Costa Rica
(UNED, 2025-06) Blanco Peña, Kinndle; Jiménez Rocha, Ana Eugenia; Dolz, Gaby; Retamosa Izaguirre, Mónica
Introduction: In Central America, forestry exploitation and agricultural expansion have raised concerns about biodiversity conservation, including bird diversity. Objective: To assess host-parasite relationships and habitat influence in birds and their ticks across forest fragments with varying degrees of alteration. Methods: From February 2008 to June 2010, we sampled nine forest fragments, classified by logging and agricultural use, at the Huetar Norte Conservation Area, Costa Rica. With mist nets we captured 838 birds and collected feces, blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, along with 555 ectoparasites from 407 birds. We analyzed samples using flotation technique, Hoyer, DNA and RNA extraction, and PCR. Results: The frequencies of endoparasites did not differ by level of forest alteration or agricultural use; only six Amblyomma spp. ticks were positive for Rickettsia spp. These were found in the non-harvested/low crop intensity, non-harvested/high crop intensity, and harvested/high crop intensity categories. No Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp. or Chlamydia psittaci were found. Conclusion: These sites were similar regarding bird health status and pathogens. These results seem to support the dilution effect proposed for habitat fragmentation and transmission of infectious agents.
Psittacine beak and feather disease in 2 free-living great green macaws: a case report and literature review
(AAVLD, 2025) Olivares, Roberto W I; Bass, Laura G.; Sáenz Bräutigam, Andrés; Sandí Carmiol, Janet; Villada Rosales, Ana M.; Dolz, Gaby; Solórzano Morales, Antony; Zúñiga Moya, María J.; Granados Solano, Roxana; Mc Hale, Brittany; Zúñiga Cortés, Diego S.; Uzal, Francisco A.
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is caused by the psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV; Circoviridae, Circovirus parrot). This disease affects mainly young captive birds, inducing lesions mainly in the skin adnexa and lymphoid organs. Here we report PBFD in 2 free-living great green macaws (Ara ambiguus). The birds were depressed and had lost feathers and body condition. The diagnosis was confirmed by gross lesions and PCR testing in one bird, and by gross and microscopic lesions, PCR testing, viral sequencing, and in situ hybridization in the other bird. Gross lesions in both birds included mild beak discoloration and feather loss. Microscopic lesions in the bird whose tissues were examined histologically included bronchopneumonia and severe lymphoid depletion with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear botryoid inclusion bodies in the cloacal bursa. Sequences of the viral DNA obtained from paraffin-embedded cloacal bursa tissue had 100% nucleotide and 100% amino acid identity with several strains of PBFDV isolated from captive birds in multiple countries. To our knowledge, PBFD has not been reported previously in free-living great green macaws.
Identificación de genogrupos de protoparvovirus y sus variantes en leucocitos de gatos domésticos del Valle Central de Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2024) Obando Corella, Andrea; Solórzano Morales, Antony; Jiménez-Soto, Mauricio; Dolz, Gaby
El protoparvovirus carnívoro 1 (CPPV-1), incluye al parvovirus felino (o virus de la panleucopenia felina, FPV) y al parvovirus canino 2 (CPV-2). En la actualidad CPV-2 no se encuentra en la naturaleza como tal, sino sus variantes CPV-2a, CPV-2b y CPV-2c, que pueden infectar también al gato. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar CPPV-1 y sus variantes, como anticuerpos contra CPPV-1 en sangre de felinos domésticos del Valle Central de Costa Rica. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 155 gatos, y se recopilaron los siguientes datos: sexo, edad, raza, información sobre vacunación, ambiente en el que vive el animal (urbano o rural), si convive con otros gatos, estado de salud, padecimiento de enfermedades crónicas, estilo de vida (gato de interior o exterior) y lugar de procedencia. Las muestras de sangre se analizaron mediante inhibición de la hemaglutinación (IHA), técnicas moleculares (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación). Mediante IHA se detectó anticuerpos contra CPPV-1 en todos los gatos, 112 gatos (72,3%) presentaron títulos protectivos (≥1:80). Mediante PCR en tiempo real se detectó la presencia de CPPV-1 en sangre de 42 (27,1%) gatos, ninguno presentó anemia, leucopenia o alguna enfermedad crónica, cinco (11,9%) se encontraban vacunados y tres (7,1%) presentaron una baja condición corporal, pero con apetito, y sin ningún otro síntoma o signo asociado al CPPV-1. El grupo de gatos qPCR positivo no mostró diferencias significativas con el grupo qPCR negativo con respecto a edad, sexo, estilo de vida, convivencia con otros gatos y título de anticuerpos. En diez gatos asintomáticos y saludables se logró detectar la presencia de FPV (n=2) y CPV-2c (n=8) en sangre, con similitudes nucleotídicas de 100% (GenBank M38246) y 99,8%-100% (GenBank AF401519), respectivamente.
Phenotypic resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica isolated from wild felids in Costa Rica between 2021 and 2022
(American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2024) Rojas-Sanchez, Ernesto; Munoz-Vargas, Lohendy; Jiménez-Soto, Mauricio
Salmonella spp. are one of the leading causes of illness, and in the last years there is an increasing interest in the role of different wild animals as reservoir of Salmonella enterica, especially multidrug resistant strains. To establish preventive and action strategies, it is essential to monitor bacterial resistance profiles and systematically collect information. This study aims to report Salmonella enterica and their resistance profile isolated from feces of wild felids that receive veterinary cares by the Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres, Costa Rica in 2021 and 2022. Overall, 100% (7/7) of Salmonella spp. isolates exhibited resistance against cefazoline, followed by 71% (5/7) to ciprofloxacin, and 43% (3/7) to nitrofurantoin. A single isolate was found to be multidrug resistant against Ampicillin/Sulbactam-Cefazolin-Ceftriaxone-Gentamicin-Ciprofloxacin-Nitrofurantoin. These resistant profiles highlight that Salmonella enterica isolation can represent a threat to public health and wildlife conservation, especially for those organisms expressing resistant phenotypes to drugs commonly used in clinical settings. Fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella spp. have been called by the World Health Organization a high priority for research. As these organisms are expanding beyond livestock and hospital associated environments, to understand the epidemiology and impact of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. we require a One Health approach.

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