Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
URI permanente para esta comunidadhttp://10.0.96.45:4000/handle/11056/14051
Examinar
Examinando Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud por Título
Mostrando 1 - 20 de 1629
- Resultados por página
- Opciones de ordenación
Ítem 15 años sin plaga de gusano barrenador(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2016-07-07) Núñez, JohnnyUn convenio de cooperación entre los países centroamericanos y los Estados Unidos, marcó el inicio de la erradicación de la mosca Cochiliomya hominivorax más conocida como gusano barrenador. Esta larva causó pérdidas millonarias en el sector ganadero durante las décadas de los 80 y 90. El gusano barrenador es la larva de una mosca que pone sus huevecillos en cualquier herida abierta de un animal de sangre caliente, incluido el humano. Horas después de que se han depositados los huevos, nacen las larvas las cuales se alimentan del tejido vivo hasta llegar a los órganos vitales como hígado, bazo o riñones, entre otros, hasta causar la muerte.El veterinario Rafael Vindas muestra el mapa fragmentado utiizado para erradicar al gusano barrenador de Costa Rica.Ítem A bvrR/bvrS Non-Polar Brucella abortus Mutant Confirms the Role of the Two-Component System BvrR/BvrS in Virulence and Membrane Integrity(MDPI, 2023-08-05) Rivas-Solano, Olga; Núñez-Montero, Kattia; Altamirano-Silva, Pamela; Ruiz-Villalobos, Nazareth; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS; Moreno, Edgardo; Chaves-Olarte, Esteban; Guzman-Verri, CaterinaBrucella abortus is a bacterial pathogen causing bovine brucellosis worldwide. This facultative extracellular–intracellular pathogen can be transmitted to humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. The disease remains a public health concern, particularly in regions where livestock farming is present. The two-component regulatory system BvrR/BvrS was described by isolating the attenuated transposition mutants bvrR::Tn5 and bvrS::Tn5, whose characterization led to the understanding of the role of the system in bacterial survival. However, a phenotypic comparison with deletion mutants has not been performed because their construction has been unsuccessful in brucellae and difficult in phylogenetically related Rhizobiales with BvrR/BvrS orthologs. Here, we used an unmarked gene excision strategy to generate a B. abortus mutant strain lacking both genes, called B. abortus ∆bvrRS. The deletion was verified through PCR, Southern blot, Western blot, Sanger sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing, confirming a clean mutation without further alterations at the genome level. B. abortus ∆bvrRS shared attenuated phenotypic traits with both transposition mutants, confirming the role of BvrR/BvrS in pathogenesis and membrane integrity. This B. abortus ∆bvrRS with a non-antimicrobial marker is an excellent tool for continuing studies on the role of BvrR/BvrS in the B. abortus lifestyle.Ítem A census of mammal populations in Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2002-09) Timock, Joshua; Vaughan, ChristopherPopulation sizes of six mammal species were estimated using the King method during the late dry season (March) of 1996 in the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. The white-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus), coati (Nasua narica) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with 148, 46, and 8 sighted individuals, respectively, demonstrated the largest populations in the refuge. The Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), tamandua anteater (Tamandua mexicana), and variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) were also includeÍtem A cross-sectional survey of gastrointestinal parasites with dispersal stages in feces from Costa Rican dairy calves(Elsevier B.V, 2010-07-24) Fernández, A; Alfaro, R; Eped, C; Schnieder, T; Jiménez Rocha, Ana Eugenia; Dolz, Gaby; Vargas, Bernardo; Schnieder, TA cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworm nematodes in dairy calves from five different ecoclimatic areas of Costa Rica. Also intensity of infection of nematodes was determined. In order to describe management practices and anthelmintic control, a questionnaire was applied in 73 farms. The influence of area, farm, host (breed, age) and ecological factors (low and high rainfall period) upon eggs per gram feces (epg) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and first larval stage counts (L1) of Dictyocaulus viviparus were investigated. Furthermore, association of host, ecological and management risk factors to the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and D. viviparus were analyzed. The most prevalent GIN, cestodes and protozoan identified in dairy farms were similar in all areas studied. Strongylidae was themost prevalent parasite group detected, representedmainly by Haemonchus spp. andCooperia spp., whereas Ostertagia spp. and Mecistocirrus digitatus were barely found. The most prevalent protozoan was Eimeria spp. The questionnaire applied to producers revealed the following management practices: weaning age of calves 1–4 months (52.1%), semi-confinement of calves upon 5–8 months of age (41.1%), number of paddocks used for calves <10 (57.5%), first deworming of calves at ages ≥15 days (74.70%) and deworming of calves at intervals >60 days (52.1%). Anthelmintic products were changed in 56.1% of the farms at intervals between 13 and 24 months. Although 91.8% of the farms had veterinary assistance, the majority performed parasite control regimes according to the criteria of the producers (66.7%). Common practices were the dispersion of animal feces on the pastures (64.4%) and use of disinfectant in the milking room (63.4%). The analyses of variance showed significant influence (p < 0.05) of age, rainfall period, interaction of rainfall period on area (rainfall period × area) and nested effect of farm within area [farm (area)] on epg of Strongylidae; age, area, rainfall period × area and [farm (area)] on epg of Strongyloides papillosus; age, rainfall period and farm (area) on epg of Trichuris spp.; rainfall period, rainfall period × area and [farm (area)] on L1 of D. viviparus. The logistic regression analyses determined area, semi-confinement, management of feces, use of disinfectant in the milking room as risk factors for the presence of Strongylidae, S. papillosus and Trichuris spp; rainfall, age, paddock numbers for D. viviparus; and area, age, veterinary assistance, deworming program, age at first deworming and use of disinfectant in the milking room for Eimeria spp. and Buxtonella sulcata.Ítem A Differential Effect of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño on Cholera Dynamics in Bangladesh(PLoS ONE, 2013-03-29) Moji, K; Hashizume, Masahiro; Chaves, Luis Fernando; Faruque, A. S. G.; Yunus, Md; Streatfield, Kim; Moj, KazuhikoBackground: A stationary (i.e., constant through time) association between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh has been widely assumed. However, whether or not elements of the local climate that are relevant for cholera transmission have stationary signatures of the IOD on their dynamics over different time scales is still not clear. Here we report results on the time-varying relationships between the various remote and local environmental drivers and cholera incidence in Bangladesh. Methodology/Principal Findings: We performed a cross wavelet coherency analysis to examine patterns of association between monthly cholera cases in the hospitals in Dhaka and Matlab (1983–2008) and indices for both IOD and ENSO. Our results showed that the strength of both the IOD and ENSO associations with cholera hospitalizations changed across time scales during the study period. In Dhaka, 4-year long coherent cycles were observed between cholera and the index of IOD in 1988–1997. In Matlab, the effect of ENSO was more dominant while there was no evidence for an IOD effect on cholera hospitalizations. Conclusions/Significance: Our results call for the consideration of non-stationary, possibly non-linear, patterns of association between cholera hospitalizations and climatic factors in cholera epidemic early warning systems.Ítem A joint Myxoma in a dog(Harcourt Publishers Ltd, 2001) Millán, Y; Ordás, J; Martín de las Mulas, J; Berrocal, AlexisMyxomas of the joints are extremely rare in domestic animals, only four cases, all in dogs, having been reported previously. This paper describes a myxoma originating from the synovium of the right radiocarpal joint of a mature female Dobermann pinscher with right front limb lameness. The tumour was excised surgically and no recurrence was detected during a 2-year follow-up period. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells reacted with antibodies to vimentin and S100 protein but not with antibodies to cytokeratins (high and low molecular weight) or human callus keratin.Ítem A method to obtain rapid zoosporogenesis of Pythium insidiosum(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988-10) Mendoza, Leonel; Prendas, JorgeNine strains of Pythium insidiosum the etiologic agent of pythiosis, were inoculated on 2% water agar plus grass blades and then incubated one day at 25°C, 35°C and 37°C. Sporangium and secondary biflagellate-type zoosporas from the parasitized grass blades were noticed in induction medium after one hour of incubation at 35 °C and 37 °C. The number of sporangia and zoospores were lower at 25 °C, than 35 °C and 37 °C. Increasing the days of incubation of the parasitized grass blades resulted in the increase in the time of incubation in the induction medium. Corn meal agar, Schmitthenner medium and Sabouraud dextrose agar were also tested but the sporangium and zoosporas were always observed after five hours of incubation in induction medium. © 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers.Ítem A new method for the detection of phospholipase A2 variants: Identification of isozymes in the venoms of newborn and adult Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snakes(Elsevier B.V, 1988) Moreno, Edgardo; Alape, Alberto; Sánchez, Manuel; Gutiérrez, José MaríaE. Moreno, A. Alape, M. Sánchez and J. M. Gutiérrez. A new method for the detection of phospholipase A2 variants: identification of isozymes in the venoms of newborn and adult Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snakes. Toxicon 26, 363 - 371, 1988. - A new method for the identification of phospholipase A2 isozymes in snake venoms is described. The technique is based on the separation of the venom components by isoelectric focusing in agarose gels, transfer of the protein bands by diffusion onto nitrocellulose paper and detection of the phospholipolytic activity of the enzymes by a hemolytic assay either in agarose gels or by benzidine reaction on a solid matrix. Striking differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the phospholipase A2 isozymes between the Atlantic and Pacific venoms and between the newborn and adult venoms from Bothrops asper specimens were observed. The method allowed the detection of 9 different phospholipase A2 isozymes in the venom of adult Atlantic, 7 isozymes in the venom of adult Pacific, and 2 - 3 isozymes in the venoms of newborn specimens. Horse polyvalent antivenom varied in its capacity to neutralize the phospholipolytic activity of the different isozymes in the same venom and among different venoms.Ítem A novel host-adapted strain of Salmonella Typhimurium causes renal disease in olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Pacific(Springer Nature, 2019-06-27) Thierry, Work; Dagenais, Julie; Stacy, Brain; Ladner, Jason; Lorch, Jeffrey; Balazs, George; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS; Breeden, Renee; Corrales Gómez, Natalia; Berlowski-Zier, Brenda; Gonzalez-Barrientos, Rocio; Harris, Heather; Hernández-Mora, Gabriela; Herrera-Ulloa, Ángel; Hesami, Shoreh; Jones, Todd; Morales, Juan Alberto; Norton, Terry M.; Rameyer, Robert A.; Taylor, Daniel; Waltzek, ThomasSalmonella spp. are frequently shed by wildlife including turtles, but S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium or lesions associated with Salmonella are rare in turtles. Between 1996 and 2016, we necropsied 127 apparently healthy pelagic olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) that died from drowning bycatch in fisheries and 44 live or freshly dead stranded turtles from the west coast of North and Central America and Hawaii. Seven percent (9/127) of pelagic and 47% (21/44) of stranded turtles had renal granulomas associated with S. Typhimurium. Stranded animals were 12 times more likely than pelagic animals to have Salmonella-induced nephritis suggesting that Salmonella may have been a contributing cause of stranding. S. Typhimurium was the only Salmonella serovar detected in L. olivacea, and phylogenetic analysis from whole genome sequencing showed that the isolates from L. olivacea formed a single clade distinct from other S. typhimurium. Molecular clock analysis revealed that this novel clade may have originated as recently as a few decades ago. The phylogenetic lineage leading to this group is enriched for non-synonymous changes within the genomic area of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 suggesting that these genes are important for host adaptation.Ítem A sensitive blotting system for detection of α-fetoprotein variants with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies(Elsevier, 1988-08-19) Sittenfeld, Ana; Moreno, EdgardoHuman α-fetoprotein (AFP) variants from cord sera were separated by isoelectric focusing in agarose gels under native conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose paper and detected with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Moabs). Rabbit anti-AFP recognized up to 9 individual electrophoretic variants in the range of pH 4.5 to pH 5.2. The reactivity of 8 Moabs ranged from weak to strong and showed variability in the pattern of AFP bands recognized. Moabs were separated into 3 groups according to the number of bands detected: group 1 detected 6 to 7 bands; group 2 recognized only one band; and group 3 recognized 4 bands. The sensitivity of the system with polyclonal antibodies was 0.15 ng of AFP in complete cord serum and varied between 300 and 0.2 ng with Moabs.Ítem A sensor histidine kinase from a plant-endosymbiont bacterium restores the virulence of a mammalian intracellular pathogen(Elsevier, 2023-11-08) Chaves-Olarte, Esteban; Meza-Torres, Jazmín; Herrera-Rodríguez, Fabiola; Lizano-González, Esteban; Suárez-Esquivel, Marcela; Baker, Kate S.; Rivas-Solano, Olga; Ruiz-Villalobos, Nazareth; Villalta-Romero, Fabián; Cheng, Hai-Ping; Walkerf, Graham C.; Cloeckaert, Axel; Thomson, Nicholas R.; Frisan, Teresa; Moreno, Edgardo; Guzman-Verri, CaterinaAlphaproteobacteria include organisms living in close association with plants or animals. This interaction relies partly on orthologous two-component regulatory systems (TCS), with sensor and regulator proteins modulating the expression of conserved genes related to symbiosis/virulence. We assessed the ability of the exoS+Sm gene, encoding a sensor protein from the plant endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to substitute its orthologous bvrS in the related animal/human pathogen Brucella abortus. ExoS phosphorylated the B. abortus regulator BvrR in vitro and in cultured bacteria, showing conserved biological function. Production of ExoS in a B. abortus bvrS mutant reestablished replication in host cells and the capacity to infect mice. Bacterial outer membrane properties, the production of the type IV secretion system VirB, and its transcriptional regulators VjbR and BvrR were restored as compared to parental B. abortus. These results indicate that conserved traits of orthologous TCS from bacteria living in and sensing different environments are sufficient to achieve phenotypic plasticity and support bacterial survival. The knowledge of bacterial genetic networks regulating host interactions allows for an understanding of the subtle differences between symbiosis and parasitism. Rewiring these networks could provide new alternatives to control and prevent bacterial infection.Ítem A Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens ExoR ortholog is not crucial for Brucella abortus virulence(PLOS ONE, 2021-08-13) Castillo Zeledon, Amanda; Ruiz-Villalobos, Nazareth; Altamirano-Silva, Pamela; Chacón-Díaz, Carlos; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS; Chaves-Olarte, Esteban; Guzman-Verri, CaterinaBrucella is a facultative extracellular-intracellular pathogen that belongs to the Alphaproteo- bacteria class. Precise sensing of environmental changes and a proper response mediated by a gene expression regulatory network are essential for this pathogen to survive. The plant-related Alphaproteobacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens also alternate from a free to a host-associated life, where a regulatory invasion switch is needed for this transition. This switch is composed of a two-component regulatory system (TCS) and a global inhibitor, ExoR. In B. abortus, the BvrR/BvrS TCS is essential for intra- cellular survival. However, the presence of a TCS inhibitor, such as ExoR, in Brucella is still unknown. In this work, we identified a genomic sequence similar to S. meliloti exoR in the B. abortus 2308W genome, constructed an exoR mutant strain, and performed its characteri- zation through ex vivo and in vivo assays. Our findings indicate that ExoR is related to the BvrR phosphorylation state, and is related to the expression of known BvrR/BrvS gene tar- gets, such as virB8, vjbR, and omp25 when grown in rich medium or starving conditions. Despite this, the exoR mutant strain showed no significant differences as compared to the wild-type strain, related to resistance to polymyxin B or human non-immune serum, intracel- lular replication, or infectivity in a mice model. ExoR in B. abortus is related to BvrR/BvrS as observed in other Rhizobiales; however, its function seems different from that observed for its orthologs described in A. tumefaciens and S. meliloti.Ítem A survey on Triatoma dimidiata in an urban area of the province of Heredia, Costa Rica(Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2005-10) Zeledón, Rodrigo; Calvo, Nidia; Montenegro, Víctor M.; Seixas Lorosa, Elias; Arévalo, CarolinaTriatoma dimidiata has been found in several cities and towns of those countries where the insect is a domestic or peridomestic pest. In Central America, urban infestations occur in the capitals of at least five countries. During 2001 and 2002 a survey was carried out in the county of San Rafael, Heredia province, located 15 km northwest of San José, capital of Costa Rica, in order to determine the degree of infestation by T. dimidiata in an entire city block. Six peridomestic colonies of the insect were detected in the backyards of eight households. The ecotopes occupied by the insects consisted of store rooms with old objects, wood piles or firewood, and chicken coops. A total of 1917 insects were found in the six foci, during two sampling periods, and a mean infection rate by Trypanosoma cruzi of 28.4% was found in 1718 insects examined. The largest colony found in one of the households yielded 872 insects that were thriving mainly at the expenses of two dogs. Opossums and adult insects were common visitors of the houses and it became evident that this marsupial is closely related to the peridomestic cycle of the Chagas disease agent. Lack of colonization of the insect inside the human dwellings is explained by the type of construction and good sanitary conditions of the houses, in contrast to the situ- ation in most peridomiciliary areas. Stomach blood samples from the insects showed that the main hosts were, in order of decreasing frequency: rodents, dogs, fowl, humans, opossums, and cats. The fact that no indication of infection with Chagas disease could be detected in the human occupants of the infested houses, vis a vis the high infection rate in dogs, is discussed.Ítem A two-component regulatory system playing a critical role in plant pathogens and endosymbionts is present in Brucella abortus and controls cell invasion and virulence(Blackwell Science, 1998-04-08) Sola-Landa, Alberto; Pizarro-Cerdá, Javier; Grilló, Maria Jesus; Moriyón, Ignacio; Blasco, José Maria; Gorvel, Jean Pierre; López Goñi, Ignacio; Moreno, EdgardoTwo mutants showing increased sensitivity to polycations and surfactants were obtained by transposon mutagenesis of virulent Brucella abortus 2308 Nal(r). These mutants showed no obvious in vitro growth defects and produced smooth-type lipopolysaccharides. However, they hardly multiplied or persisted in mouse spleens, displayed reduced invasiveness in macrophages and HeLa cells, lost the ability to inhibit lysosome fusion and were unable to replicate intracellularly. Subsequent DNA analyses identified a two-component regulatory system [Brucella virulence related (Bvr)] with a regulatory (BvrR) and sensory (BvrS) protein. Cloning on bvrR in the BvrR-deficient mutant restored the resistance to polycations and, in part, the invasiveness to polycations and, in part, the invasiveness and the ability to multiply intracellularly. BvrR and BvrS were highly similar (87-89% and 70-80% respectively) to the regulatory and sensory proteins of the chromosomally encoded Rhizobium meliloti Chvl-ExoS and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Chvl-ChvG systems previously shown to be critical for endosymbiosis and pathogenicity in plants. Divergence among the three sensory proteins was located mostly within a periplasmic domain probably involved in stimulus sensing. As B. abortus, R. meliloti and A. tumefaciens are phylogenetically related, these observations suggest that these systems have a common ancestor that has evolved to sense stimuli in plant and animal microbial environments.Ítem Abordaje clínico y terapéutico en hatos lecheros y granjas porcinas de diferentes zonas del país entre Mayo y Agosto del 2015(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2015) Benavides Calderón, Francini; Murillo Barrantes, JulioEl sector agropecuario es actualmente la quinta actividad económica más importante por su aporte al producto interno bruto. Uno de los impactos más significativos de la globalización lo constituye la necesidad de los países de fortalecer sus servicios veterinarios para promover y proteger la salud animal y humana. El objetivo del presente proyecto consistió en realizar la pasantía en abordaje clínico y terapéutico de hatos lecheros y granjas porcinas de diferentes zonas del país entre mayo y agosto del 2015, con el fin de desarrollar y mejorar las destrezas y conocimientos ya adquiridos durante el periodo de estudio universitario. La pasantía se llevó a cabo en diferentes zonas del país; los hatos lecheros se ubicaron en las zonas aledañas al Volcán Poás, San Ramón de Tres Ríos, San José de la Montaña y Chomes de Puntarenas, las porquerizas se localizaron en Guápiles, San Ramón de Alajuela y Rio Cuarto de Grecia. En cerdos cada patología encontrada representó un 25% de la totalidad de la casuística, y no se observaron enfermedades de tipo metabólicas durante la pasantía. En bovinos los problemas reproductivos y las patologías podales abarcaron más de la mitad de la casuística, indicándonos esto la relevancia de la salud de estos sistemas para evitar descartes involuntarios y pérdidas económicas significativas. La realización de la pasantía como experiencia teórico – práctica permitió fortalecer las destrezas y conocimientos ya adquiridos durante el periodo de estudio universitario. El uso de ultrasonido como técnica diagnóstica permitió determinar el sexo de al menos seis fetos bovinos de entre 55 a 60 días de preñez. La utilización de la prueba Speed Mam Color como técnica diagnóstica fue valiosa, es un método práctico y la experiencia aun con ocho muestras fue importante.Ítem Abordaje de la retención de placenta en bovinos especializados en producción de leche en la zona del Volcán Poás(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2013-10-02) Arrieta Chacón, Diego Armando; Murillo Herrera, JaimeEl presente trabajo describe una práctica dirigida realizada en buiatría en un periodo de tres meses (julio, agosto y septiembre del 2012). Durante la práctica se realizaron atención de emergencias y visitas programadas a fincas visitadas por el Dr. Jaime Murillo. El trabajo se dividió en dos partes, en la primera se hizo un análisis de la casuística atendida durante la práctica. En total se vieron 1622 casos. Se dividieron los mismos en diferentes áreas, 1289 casos de salud de hato, 320 casos clínicos, 9 cirugías y 4 necropsias. Se comentaron algunos de los casos más relevantes. En la segunda parte se evaluaron diferentes tratamientos para los 14 casos de retención de placenta vistos durante la práctica, se hizo un análisis de los resultados y se asociaron estos resultados a diferentes estudios relacionados con esta patología. Los tratamientos instaurados fueron: uso de reconstituyentes minerales (calcio), extracción manual, oxitocina, cipionato de estradiol, prostaglandina PGF2α y clorhidrato de ceftiofur. Por el análisis de los casos vistos durante la práctica dirigida y los trabajos de investigación revisados, se determinó que una adecuada terapia antibiótica y los reconstituyentes minerales son la mejor elección para el tratamiento de la retención de placentaÍtem Abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de patologías oftalmológicas en caninos con énfasis en la corrección quirúrgica de cataratas oculares, en el Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona y en el Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2014-02-26) Cruz Ugalde, Walter; Hagnauer Barrantes, IsabelSe realizó una práctica dirigida enfocada al abordaje clínico de patologías oculares en caninos en dos centros médicos diferentes: primero en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), y luego en el Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres (HEMS) de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA). El propósito fue documentar algunos de los avances en la metodología diagnóstica y terapéutica en un centro médico especializado (junto a diplomados del Colegio Europeo de Veterinarios Oftalmólogos y residentes de la especialidad), y de ser posible, aplicar parte de esos conocimientos en la práctica en el HEMS. En cada uno de los hospitales se trabajó por un lapso de 1 y 2 meses, respectivamente, donde se atendieron un total de 107 pacientes con algún tipo de dolencia ocular (73 en la UAB y 34 en el HEMS). Lo aprendido permitió mejorar el protocolo de examinación y el arsenal médico disponible para tratar diferentes tipos de patologías oculares en el HEMS. Sin embargo, también se evidenció el rezago que persiste en ciertas áreas, como en la microcirugía intraocular. Finalmente, fue posible describir de manera detallada e integral el abordaje de un paciente canino que fuera sometido a una facoemulsificación con implantación de lente intraocular; el estándar de oro de la corrección quirúrgica de cataratas en la actualidad.Ítem Abordaje para el diagnóstico clínico y patológico de enfermedades hepáticas en perros y gatos.(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2015-06-10) Altamirano Silva, Leonel; Alfaro Alarcón, AlejandroLa práctica dirigida se realizó en el Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres (HEMS), el Laboratorio de Patología y el Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional desde el 1 de octubre al 31 de diciembre del 2012. Durante este periodo, se trabajó en las tres áreas, enfocado en problemas hepáticos en caninos y felinos. Se estableció un protocolo diagnóstico para todo aquel paciente que se presentara al HEMS con sintomatología hepática. En el HEMS se recibieron los pacientes, se tomó la anamnesis, se realizó un examen objetivo general y si se consideró necesario, se tomaron muestras para su respectivo estudio laboratorial. En el Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos se determinó la actividad de al menos dos enzimas hepáticas, la Alanino Amino Transferasa (ALT) y la Fosfatasa Alcalina (ALP). Si los valores de estas enzimas se encontraban fuera de los rangos referenciales, se procedió a realizar una ecografía abdominal con énfasis en el hígado. Posteriormente, se realizó una punción con aguja fina y una biopsia hepática guiada por ultrasonido, bajo anestesia general. Dicha muestra se remitió al Laboratorio de Patología de la Universidad Nacional para su estudio. Para el estudio de las citologías se utilizó la tinción de Giemsa. En cuanto a la biopsia hepática, se realizaron varios tipos de tinciones con el fin de lograr el mejor diagnóstico definitivo posible. Dentro de estas tinciones, las más utilizadas fueron la hematoxilina y eosina, la tinción de PAS y la tinción de azul de Prusia. Durante la práctica dirigida se atendieron 49 pacientes bajo este protocolo diagnóstico. En este documento se describen los resultados obtenidos por medio del protocolo diagnóstico establecido, así como las enfermedades hepáticas que mas fueron diagnosticadas por medio de ultrasonido y de las diferentes tinciones histopatológicas.Ítem Abordaje y manejo de neoplasias en pequeñas especies realizado en la Universidad Estatal de Colorado y en la Universidad Estatal de Kansas(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2016) Rivas Feoli, Victoria Isabel; Alfaro Alarcón, AlejandroEl presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adquirir conocimientos sobre el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de casos oncológicos mediante la observación del abordaje integral de los mismos en el Centro de Cáncer Animal Flint de la Universidad Estatal de Colorado, y en el Centro de Salud Veterinario de la Universidad Estatal de Kansas, para utilizar dicha experiencia en la práctica médico veterinaria en Costa Rica. Se participó para completar 320 horas de trabajo en siete semanas, entre los dos centros médicos, y se pudo aprender de 150 casos diferentes de procesos neoplásicos, donde se observó que los tipos de cáncer más frecuentes son linfoma, mastocitoma y osteosarcoma. Las razas más afectadas fueron los cobradores y la edad de los animales enfermos se inclinó sustancialmente hacia gerontes con respecto a los jóvenes. Se tuvo la oportunidad de dar seguimiento a los pacientes y observar las distintas modalidades de tratamiento: quirúrgico, quimioterapéutico y de radioterapia. Se recopiló la información de dos casos clínicos diferentes, uno en cada hospital visitado, que se utilizaron para ejemplificar y desarrollar más el osteosarcoma, un tumor que se presenta con relativa frecuencia en nuestro medio y cuyo manejo es importante pues es puntual y sencillo y que muchas veces es obviado por desconocimiento.Ítem Absence of IgG antibodies against Schmallenberg virus in ruminant sera (bovine, goat and sheep) collected in Costa Rica between 2012 and 2014.(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2017-07) Villegas-Salas, Marlene; Alvarado, Tara; Trejos-Araya, Carla; Sandí, Alexis; León, Bernal; Jiménez Sánchez, CarlosSchmallenberg virus affects ruminants, which causes significant economic losses. The virus is transmitted through vectors of the genus Culicoides; however, other studies do not rule out the possibility of sexual transmission due to its presence in semen. For this reason, the National Service of Animal Health of Costa Rica (SENASA) imposed restrictions on the import of semen from animals from the European Union in 2013. Consequently, SENASA conducted a study to determine the presence or absence of antibodies against this virus in bovine, ovine and caprine samples. As a result, no antibodies against this virus were detected in the 748 samples tested. It was concluded that Schmallenberg virus was not circulating in Costa Rican ruminants during the tested period.