Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre

URI permanente para esta comunidadhttp://10.0.96.45:4000/handle/11056/14849

El Instituto Internacional de Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre (ICOMVIS)genera y transfiere conocimiento y forma recurso humano mediante la investigación, educación y extensión en el campo de la conservación y manejo de vida silvestre y su relación con el ser humano en el Neotrópico, a través de acciones inter y multidisciplinarias que integran aspectos teóricos y prácticos para la conservación de la vida silvestre.

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Utilización de hábitat, comportamiento y dieta del mono congo (Alouatta palliata) en un bosque premontano húmedo, Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 1991) Sánchez Porras, Ronald Eduardo; McCoy, Michael
Determinó el número de individuos, la composición social, y la variación estacional del a) ámbito de acción mensual (AAM)y total (AAT), b) hábitos alimenticios, c) comportamiento y ch) distribución altitudinal de los monos congo (Alouatta palliata) de setiembre 1989 a marzo 1990 en dos parches de bosque premontano húmedo: a) alterado de 5 ha, sector Río Jesús y b) no alterado de 1000 ha, sector Mina Moncada en San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Las estaciones seca y lluviosa ocurren en noviembre-abril y mayo-octubre, respectivamente. Las tropas fueron observadas durante 1536 h para una media de 12 h diarias en 132 días, con un total de 3067 localizaciones. Se estimó la distribución altitudinal por medio de las localizaciones diarias. Se observó el comportamiento fenológico de 15 especies de árboles que los congos consumieron para determinar la relación entre consumo y disponibilidad. Se encontró una tropa en Río Jesús de 11 individuos y cuatro tropas en Mina Moncada con un total de 49 individuos. El AAM en Río Jesús vario de 1,13 a 3,34 ha, con un AAT de 6,25 ha. En Mina Moncada el AAM vario de 0,003 a 1,95 ha con el AAT de 2,67 ha. El AAM no vario significativamente entre meses en Río Jesús (P=0,47). En Mina Moncada el AAM fue mayor en los meses febrero-marzo con respecto a setiembre-noviembre (P=0,05). El AAM fue mayor en Río Jesús que en Mina Moncada (P=0,01). Los congos utilizaron significativamente un mayor número de especies y de más diversidad (P=0,07) en Río Jesús que en Mina Moncada (P=0,003). En Río Jesús los congos utilizaron un 63% del tiempo en consumir Ficus pertusa, F. obtusifolia, Inga vera y F. yaponensis, y en Mina Moncada emplearon un 73% del tiempo en consumir F. obtusifolia, F. trachelosyce y F. jimenezii. Tanto en Río Jesús como Mina Moncada, tuvo mayor consumo de hojas tiernas que las demás categorías de alimentación (P=0,001). Existió diferencias fenológicas entre las 15 especies de árboles estudiadas. El uso de alimento no fue asociado con su disponibilidad en la mayoría de los casos. Para F. jimenezii existió más uso con más disponibilidad pero no fue significativo (r=0,58; P=0,13), mientras que con F. pertusa se dio más uso con menos disponibilidad, pero tampoco fue significativo (r=0,51; P=0,18). Se registraron solo seis pautas de comportamiento de las diez establecidas. El descanso fue la pauta en la que los congos gastaron mayores porcentajes de tiempo en los dos sectores. La distribución altitudinal de la tropa en Mina Moncada varió de 650 a 850 m.s.n.m. Se propone los límites para proteger el sector de Mina Moncada, así como también se propone pautas para el manejo de la especie y su hábitat.
Ámbito de acción, uso del hábitat y actividad diaria de la taltuza Orthogeomys heterodus (Rodentia: Geomyidae) en una zona hortícola de Costa Rica.
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1994) Bonillo, Never
Home range, daily activity and habitat use of four Giant Pocket Gophers Orthogeomys heterodus were detennined by radiotelemetry. The study was carried out in a horticultural area of Cartago province, Costa Rica, during December 1989 and January 1990. Home range averaged 325 m2 for males and 233 m2 for females. There was a significant relationship between home range size and individual body mass. In average, 78 % of localizations were in the nest or refuge located in all cases in the border of crops. Activity was greatest from 0600 to 0800 h and 1200 to 1400 h, and was reduced at night.
Deer habitat in western Costa Rica: Impacts of changing technology and land use
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1996) Lynn R., Irby; Vaughan, Christopher
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) numbers on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica probably peaked in the nineteenth century as native dry tropical forest was converted to shrubland and secondary forest. Overhunting and conversion of forest to crops and ex- otic grasses led to declines in deer through most of the 1 900s. Current population levels are low, but restoration efforts may succeed partially as a result of incursions of modern technology and land-use changes. Power lines were built along several roads in the southern end of the Nicoya Peninsula of western Costa Rica in the 1 970s and 1 980s. Ac- cess to electricity and economic and social changes at the national level led to land-use changes in the Nicoya Peninsula including consolidation of land holdings, diversification of agricultural operations, and reductions in the number of subsistence farms. Compar- isons of topographic maps based on 1945 aerial photos with ground observations in 1989-1 990 indicated that: (1) rural houses and roads in the study area did not increase between 1945 and 1990 despite population increases in Costa Rica; (2) closed-canopy tree cover may have increased as much as 4-fold; and (3) rural housing distribution changed substantially, and the change was related to power-line distribution. Availabil- ity of electric power likely influenced changes in distribution of the human population and attitudes towards wildlife; these changes resulted in an increase in habitat available to wildlife and increased tolerance for several species of wild vertebrates, neither of which would have been predicted by the environmental impact models proposed by op- ponents of technology
Contexts and patterns of injuries in free-ranging male baboons (Papio Cynocephalus)
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 1996) Drews, Carlos
Injury in male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was investigated as an indicator of damaging fights in order to provide a framework for analyses of conflict resolution and dynamics of agonistic competition in primates. The vast majority of wounds were canine slashes resulting from intraspecific face-to-face combat. Wounds were more common in males than females. In males they concentrated on the right side of anterior parts of the body, principally the head. Wounds took on average three weeks to heal. Aggressive conflicts represented 10% of all interactions between males. Less than 1% of aggressive contests led to injury. The individual rate of injury from fights with other males was on average once every 1.5 months. The winner of damaging fights was sometimes the wounded indi vidual. The number of wounds per damaging fight was not related in a simple way to the presence of proceptive females or to recent immigration events. Four fights yielding the highest number of injuries, however, involved recent immigrations or attempts to immigrate by adult males in their prime. Contexts of male injury observed during infliction include challenges to the resident alpha male by newcomers, intertroop encounter, fights over pro ceptive females or unusual foods, redirected aggression, defense of a female and a fight unrelated to any obvious resource.
First nest record of the Bare-shanked screech-owl (Otus clarkii)
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1997) Enriquez Roch, Paula L.; Rangel-Sala, Luis; Marsha, Joe T.
Reportamos el primer registro de anidación de la Lechucita Serranera (Otus clarkii), encontrado en las tierras altas de Costa Rica. El nido se localizó en un árbol de encino (Quercus copeyensis) a una altura de 3.3m en una cavidad natural con las siguientes dimensiones: 35 cm de largo y 64 cm de ancho. El nido contenía un pollo con una edad estimada de 3 semanas. Ambos padres alimentaban al pollo con insectos del orden coleóptera y ortóptera. No encontramos egagrópilas dentro ni fuera del nido. Se necesita más información sobre densidad poblacional y aspectos ecológicos para la Lechucita Serranera. Sin embargo, para establecer estrategias de conservación para esta especie, es importante incluir la protección de lotes arbolados para su reproducción.
A new nesting record for the jabiru in Costa Rica
(Waterbird Society, 1998) Villarreal Orias, Johnny
I document the first nesting record of theJabiru (Jabiru mycteria) in "Los Guatuzos" forest floodplain, Alajuela province, Costa Rica. The active nest was located in March 1995 at 10°49'23.70"N and 84°47'23.20"W. The nest was 16m high in a 23m high silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) and contained three chicks. The zone is not protected and active lumbering is underway.
Ambito de hogar y utilización de hábitat de dos grupos de venados Cola Blanca Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) reubicados en un ambiente tropical
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 1998) Vaughan Dickhaut, Christopher; Sáenz Méndez, Joel
Ocho venados cola blanca fueron liberados en la finca La Emilia, Guanácaste, Costa Rica, durante noviembre de 1987 y marzo de 1988. Cuatro hembras procedían de una población insular (Isla San Lucas, ISL) y habían sido criadas en cautividad hasta los 9 meses de edad cuando fueron liberadas. Los cuatro restantes eran adultos. Tres hembras y un macho del Parque Nacional de Palo Verde (PV). Todos los ciervos fueron marcados con collares de radiotelemetría y seguidos durante un periodo de 13 meses. Los cuatro ciervos de ISL también fueron observados directamente durante 8 meses. Se determinó y comparó el área de campeo y el uso del hábitat de cada grupo. El área de campeo media diaria fue de 18,3 ha para el grupo ISL y de 18,4 ha para el grupo PV; las diferencias entre estos valores no fueron significativas (Análisis de Varianza, ANOVA, P> .05). Las áreas de campeo de ambos grupos no fueron significativamente diferentes entre estaciones; sin embargo, el grupo ISL sí mostró una diferencia significativa entre ambas estaciones (ANOVA, P<0,05). El grupo ISL utilizó ocho tipos de hábitat de los 14 disponibles, mientras que el grupo PV utilizó 11 tipos de hábitat; se encontraron diferencias en las preferencias de hábitat entre ambos grupos (Xl P< .(01). La utilización del hábitat fue significativamente diferente entre los dos grupos tanto en la estación seca como en la húmeda (Xl, P< ,001). Los hábitats más utilizados (confianza intervais de Bonferroni) del grupo ISL fueron pastizales, plantaciones forestales (Pithecelobium saman), terrenos cliltivados (sorgo y frutales) y vegetación ribereña. El grupo PV utilizó hábitats con cierta cobertura forestal, chaparral, jaraguales y guacimales (Guazuma ulmifolia).
Growth of Mantled Howler Groups in a Regenerating Costa Rican Dry Forest
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1998) Fedigan, Linda M.; Rose, Lisa M.; Morera Avila, Rodrigo
We examined population dynamics in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata palliata) in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. The population has grown at a rate of about 7% per annum during the past decade. The growth in numbers from 342 in 1984 to 554 in 1992 reflects an increase in the number of groups (from 25 to 34) and a slight increase in their average size (from 13.6 to 16.3). Population density has increased from 4.9 to 7.9 individuals per km2 . Santa Rosa’s population density and group compositions are similar to those at several other mantled howler sites, but densities of mantled howlers are much higher at two other well-studied sites: La Pacifica and Barro Colorado Island (BCI). We relate the low density of howlers at Santa Rosa to local historical and ecological factors. Howler populations at high and low densities differ in average group size and sex ratio. At high population densities, groups are larger and include more adult females. The number of male howlers per group appears to be more strictly limited and less variable than the number of females is. However, there is greater variation in male group membership at Santa Rosa than at La Pacifica or BCI, and at Santa Rosa there are more generating forests available into which males and females can disperse and form new groups. We present case studies describing two ways in which new howler groups are formed, and we suggest that, compared to females and compared to males at high density sites, males are relatively advantaged in the uncrowded habitats at Santa Rosa and other low density sites.
Efecto de las actividades humanas sobre la diversidad de mamíferos terrestres en un gradiente altitudinal
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1999) Piedra Castro, Lilliana María; Maffei, Leonardo
The effect ofhuman activity on terrestrial marnmals was studied with footprint counts in Guanacaste, Costa Rica (loo30"N, 85°40'W) in February 1998 (in fifty 2 m2 quadrats). The most cornmon species were Canis latrans, Didelphis marsupialis. Odoicoleus virginianus. Dasyprocta punctata andTapirus bairdii. No stastically significant association was found between humna activity and marnmal frequency in the footprint counts.
Neotropical dry forest wildlife water hole use and management
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1999) Vaughan, Christopher; Weis, Kelly
Selected wildlife species diurnal use of a natural water hole (QO) and an artificial water hole (AW) were studied during 1990 dry season at Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. In total, 919 individuals (six marnmal and one garne bird species) consumed water from QO, while 713 individuals (four maromal species) consumed water from AW. Estimated daily water consumption by selected wildlife species was 29.7 I at O.D and 27.3 I at AW. Estimated 24-h water consumed by all wildlife species or evaporated was 44.6 1 at QO and 41.1 1 at AW. This resulted from summing: a) water consumed by studied species, b) estimated 24-hour water consurned by other wildlife (QO = 14.851, AW = 13.65 1) and c) daily water evaporation (QO = 0.041, AW = 0.10 1). Ouring a 120-day dry season, AW required about 4 932 1 of water from the park administration. Management implications for neotropical dry forest water holes are discussed.
Late dry season habitat use of common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in neotropical lower montane agricultural areas
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 1999) Vaughan, Christopher S.; Foster Hawkins, L.
Three Didelphis marsupialis were radio tracked during late dry season (23 February-26 April, 1983) in agricultural area at 1500 m elevation in Central Valley, Costa Rica. All animals were nocturnally active, significantly more so between 2100-0300 h. Fifty diurnal den site locations were found, 96% inside tree cavities in living fence rows or abandoned squirrel nests in windbreaks. Two females occupied 3.4 and 3.1 ha 95% home ranges, moving an average 890 and 686 m nightly respectively. The male occupied a 5.6 ha 95% home range for 42 days overlapping 90% of females’ home ranges. Over the next 15 days, he moved 1020 m south, establishing three temporary home ranges. During nocturnal movements, windbreaks and living fence rows were used in higher proportion than available, while pasture, roads and cultivated lands were used less then available within 100% home ranges. Abandoned coffee and spruce plantations, fruit orchards and overgrown pastures were used in equal proportions to availability in 100% home ranges. Opossum conservation techniques in coffee growing areas include promoting spruce windbreaks, living fence rows, and garbage dumps.
Dieta estacional del Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2000) Altrichter, Mariana; Sáenz, Joel C.; Eduardo, Carrillo; Fuller, Todd
The diet of the white-lipped peccari Tayassu pecari was studied from July 1996 to April 1997 in Cor covado National Park, Costa Rica, through fecal analysis and direct observations. The feces consisted of 61.6% fruits, 37.5% vegetative parts, 0.4% invertebrates and 0.5% unidentified material. These proportions are similar to those reported for white-lipped peccaries diet in South America, but the species consumed were different. In Corcovado, the white-lipped peccary fed on parts of 57 plant species (37 of them fruits). Moraceae was the most represented farnily. In contrast, the diet of the Peruvian Amazon peccary primarily consists of plant parts (Are caceae). Costa Rican peccary diet consisted of vegetative parts from Araceae and Heliconaceae. Direct observa tion showed that peccaries spent 30% of feeding time rooting. Samples taken from rooting sites suggest that pec caries fed on earthworrns. Diet differed between months, seasons and habitats. They ate more fruits in coastal and primary forests and more vegetative parts in secondary foresto In the months Octubrer and November the consumption oC vegetative parts excéeded fruit consumption
El cerdo cimarrón (Sus scrofa, Suidae) en la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: Escarbaduras, alteraciones al suelo y erosión
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2001) Sierra, Claudine
Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are of the most damaging exotic vertebrates, specially on oceanic island nativecommunities. Feral pigs inhabit Cocos Island since 1793 and there are around 400-500 individuals. In order toquantify the impacts of the feral pigs at Cocos Island, I calculated the effect of the rooting activity and its influ-ence on the natural erosion. During one year I walked, monthly, 15 km on trails estimating rooted area by tran-sect and rooting recurrence. During eight months I compared erosion rates with and without rootings. I estimat-ed the annual rooting rate between 10 and 20 % of the total island surface. The rooted area was the only meas-ured variable which correlated with the soil erosion rate. The erosion rate without rootings was 23.6 kg/ha/yearand with rootings was 200.4 kg/ha/year (P < 0.01). The disturbances provoked by the rootings were not scatteredhomogeneously through the island. The rootings, together with the natural landslides, dominate the soil distur-bance pattern at Cocos Island. This study suggests that the presence of feral pigs produces more erosion than theone that would naturally occur without feral pigs at Cocos Island.
El cerdo cimarrón (Sus scrofa, Suidae) en la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: Composición de su dieta, estado reproductivo y genética
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2001) Sierra, Claudine
Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) cause different kinds of damage specially on oceanic islands. Pigs were introduced at Cocos Island, Costa Rica, during 1793 and bred successfully. I analised feral pigs diet, reproductive state, genetics and the effects of predation, in order to gather data on their ecology and impact on certain Cocos Island communities. The diet was studied, during a dry and a wet period, through stomach contents. The genetic variability was determined through PCR analysis on tissue samples which were taken from feral (Cocos Island) and domestic (mainland) pig ear-lobes. Pigs at Cocos were omnivorous, the most important diet category in both seasons was fruits. More pigs consumed fruits during the wet season but the fruits did occupy more somach volume during the dry season. Feral pigs did not disperse exotic seeds nor prey on animal endemic species. 56 % of the hunted pigs were males and 44 % were females. From females in reproductive age, 46 % were pregnant or suckling, and the average number of fetuses in a litter was 4.4. I confirmed a reproductive peak during January/ February but could not demonstrate a reproductive peak during June/July. The low fetuses number per litter could be related with some levels of stress. The genetic variability for all the evaluated parameters within the feral population was low but not as low as expected. I suggest a compensatory mecanism were the inbreeding depression reduces consanguinity and a species sucptible to stocastic, demographic or environmental factors turns to be an adapted species with high resilience.
Heavy poaching in prime habitat: the conservation status of the West Indian manatee in Nicaragua
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2002) Jiménez, Ignacio
This study provides an overview of the conservation status of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Nicaragua, including data on habitat availability, manatee distribution and relative abundance, and current threats. The data is based on surveys from boats and extensive interviews with local people. Nicaragua harbors one of the largest areas of habitat suitable for manatees in Central America. The species has an almost continuous distribution along the country's eastern, Caribbean coast and inland in some watercourses. There are larger groups of manatees in brackish lagoons than in freshwater rivers. Seasonal migrations and lengthy daily travels influenced by tides have been reported. The main threats to these manatees include poaching and incidental drowning in fishing nets, while boat traffic, pollution and habitat loss presently seem to be negligible factors in Nicaragua. Poaching is widespread along the coast and it is estimated that c. 40 manatees are killed annually throughout the country. Enforcement of hunting laws and protected areas is almost non-existent, with the exception of the Southeastern Nicaragua Biosphere Reserve. This may explain why manatees have disappeared from a few areas and become rare in others. Unless restrictions are imposed on poaching and on the use of gill nets within inland wetlands, the West Indian manatee may become rare throughout Nicaragua in the near future.
Exploitation of white-lipped peccaries Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2002) Altrichter, Mariana; Almeida, Roberval
We studied movements of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) throughout the Osa Peninsula and their use by local people during 1997-2000, using interview techniques. We draw five main conclusions: 1) White-lipped peccaries living on the Osa Peninsula range within Corcovado National Park for most of the year. 2) Peccaries travel beyond the Park boundaries to the north and south-east of the Peninsula at the end of the wet season when a fruit shortage occurs in Corcovado. 3) The local people hunt peccaries as the herds move through the Peninsula. 4) Current small herd sizes observed by locals in the Peninsula and by researchers in the Park may indicate a decline of the peccary population. 5) Peccaries constitute neither an important source of food nor a source of cash income for local people. We suggest that sustainable use of peccaries in this region is neither realistic nor necessary. Instead of trying to legalize and regulate hunting, effective systems to control illegal hunting should be implemented, especially outside the Park boundary from October to January when the animals are on the move. © 2002 FFI.
Movements and activities of white-lipped peccaries in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2002) Carrillo, Eduardo; Saenz, Joel C.; Fuller, Todd K.
The conservation of remnant populations of white-lipped peccaries in Central America depends on adequate documentation of their habitat needs and behavior. Thus, we monitored the activity patterns, local distributions, and home ranges of 36 (25F:11M) radio-marked white-lipped peccaries, all members of a single ‘‘super’’ herd, in part of Corcovado National Park, their largest stronghold in Costa Rica, during 1996–1998. Peccaries were diurnal all year with a period of reduced activity during the middle of the day. They were found more often than expected (vs. random use) in primary forest during February to May, in secondary and coastal forest during June to September, and in herbaceous swamp during October to January, corresponding to relative fruit abundance. Overall, the peccary herd ranged over an area of <40 km2 , but use of the area shifted seasonally and movements were reduced when fruit was most abundant. Our data agree with the suggestion that peccary density may be higher where the inter spersion or close proximity and mix of seasonally important habitats is high, and thus where peccaries do not have to travel as far for food. Habitat interspersion is therefore a significant conservation concern and should be addressed to make certain that peccary populations are not limited.
Attempts to culture the parasitic stage of Dermatobia hominis (L. Jr.) in vitro (Diptera: Cuterebridae)
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2002) Drews, Carlos
A nationwide survey in Costa Rica, using Kellert's conceptual framework (Kellert, S.R. 1996. The Value of Life. Washington D.C., Island Press), revealed at least five attitude dimensions toward animals. Overall, Costa Rican adults have a strong sentimental attitude toward animals, an expression of feelings of affection toward animals. In contrast, the materialistic attitude, which regards animals as resources and praises acts of control over them, is weak. This reflects a prevailing opposition to the act of hunting per se, rather than to its potentially detrimental effect on natural populations. There is a strong inquisitive attitude, corresponding to a widespread interest in learning about the biology of animals and their habitats. High scores on the ethical attitude indicate concern for the ethical treatment of animals and nature. The schematic attitude emphasizes the role of aesthetic appearance in the preferences for certain animals and acknowledges feelings of aversion, dislike or fear of some animals. Scores for this attitude were weakly positive. The attitude profile of Costa Ricans is probably incomplete, given the small battery of questions used in this study and differences between this and Kellert's study in the assignment of questions to particular attitudes resulting from the factor analysis. Aesthetic appeal of the animals, compassion, affection and a desire to please and stimulate the children are important motives for the acquisition of wild animals as pets. These positive feelings and a misguided empathy for animals backfire by condemning these pets to an alien environment and inadequate care. The current study also showed that adults who keep wildlife have better biological knowledge than those who never kept wildlife as pets. In addition, Costa Ricans ranked highest in the percentage of correct answers to five questions about animals, in comparison to Kellert's data for US and Japanese citizens (Kellert S.R. 1993. Journal of Social Issues 49: 53-69). Such knowledge of natural history and an animal protection profile, however, do not translate into more animal friendly practices, as seen by the keeping of wildlife as pets under conditions of concern. Rather than changing the attitudes of Costa Ricans toward animals, the challenge is to increase the awareness about the animals' needs and thereby trigger the ethical concern for their well-being. © 2002 International Society for Anthrozoology.
Exploitation of white-lipped peccaries Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2002) Altrichter, Mariana; Almeida, Roberval
We studied movements of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) throughout the Osa Peninsula and their use by local people during 1997-2000, using interview techniques. We draw five main conclusions: 1) White-lipped peccaries living on the Osa Peninsula range within Corcovado National Park for most of the year. 2) Peccaries travel beyond the Park boundaries to the north and south-east of the Peninsula at the end of the wet season when a fruit shortage occurs in Corcovado. 3) The local people hunt peccaries as the herds move through the Peninsula. 4) Current small herd sizes observed by locals in the Peninsula and by researchers in the Park may indicate a decline of the peccary population. 5) Peccaries constitute neither an important source of food nor a source of cash income for local people. We suggest that sustainable use of peccaries in this region is neither realistic nor necessary. Instead of trying to legalize and regulate hunting, effective systems to control illegal hunting should be implemented, especially outside the Park boundary from October to January when the animals are on the move. © 2002 FFI
Home Range, Habitat Use, and Activity of Baird’s Tapir in Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica., 2002) Foerster, Charles R.; Vaughan, Christopher
Home range size, habitat utilization, and activity patterns of five adult Baird’s tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) were studied via radiotelemetry from June 1995 to May 1996 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. Estimates of 4153 animal locations were made. Home range sizes (95% minimum convex polygon) for the entire study period (wet season and dry season) averaged 125.0 ha (SD 5 72.7), 94.9 ha (SD 5 47.6), and 96.8 ha (SD 5 51.2), respectively. Monthly home range sizes averaged 55.5 ha (SD 5 32.1) and did not vary between seasons. Across the entire study, secondary forest, the most commonly used habitat type (61.3%) was utilized more than expected as predicted by availability (49.6%), while the second most used habitat, primary forest, was used (25.0%) less than expected (36.2%). The same general habitat selection pattern was observed in the dry season. Wet season habitat utilization values showed tapirs using both primary and secondary forest habitats in proportion to their availability. Diurnal and nocturnal activity levels were estimated at 20.2 and 80.4 percent, respectively. More diurnal and less nocturnal activity was observed during the wet season compared to the dry season.

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