Artículos Científicos

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American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus: Reptilia: Crocodilidae) visiting the facilities of a freshwater aquaculture of the Northern Pacific region, Costa Rica, carry tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli
(Frontiersin.org, 2024-04-05) Mateus Vargas, Rafael Hernán; Arias Pérez, Verónica; Sandoval Hernández, Iván; Hammerl, Jens Andre; Barquero-Calvo, Elías
Apex predators are exposed to antimicrobial compounds and resistant microbes, which accumulate at different trophic levels of the related ecosystems. The study aimed to characterize the presence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of fecal Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swab samples obtained from wild-living American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) (n = 53). Sampling was conducted within the distinctive context of a freshwater-intensive aquaculture farm in Costa Rica, where incoming crocodiles are temporarily held in captivity before release. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined in all isolates, while resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. In total, 24 samples contained tetracycline-resistant E.coli (45.3%). Isolates carried either tet(A), tet(B), or tet(C) genes. Furthermore, genes conferring resistance to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, sulfonamides, phenicol, quinolones, trimethoprim, and colistin were detected in single isolates, with seven of them carrying these genes on plasmids. Genome sequencing further revealed that sequence types, prevalence of antibiotic resistance carriage, and antibiotic resistance profiles differed between the individuals liberated within the next 24 h after their capture in the ponds and those liberated from enclosures after longer abodes. The overall presence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli, coupled with potential interactions with various anthropogenic factors before arriving at the facilities, hinders clear conclusions on the sources of antimicrobial resistance for the studied individuals. These aspects hold significant implications for both the aquaculture farm’s biosecurity and the planning of environmental monitoring programs using such specimens. Considering human-crocodile conflicts from the One Health perspective, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance underscores the importance of systematical surveillance of antibiotic resistance development in American crocodiles.
Anatomical and radiographic study on the appendicular skeleton of the Tamandua mexicana
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2022-01) Calvo Varela, Ariana; Hernández Valerio, Mauren; Villalobos Morales, Dominique; Fernández Mesén, Alison; Alpizar Moreno, Katherina; Salas Zamora, Dennis; Miranda Fernández, Daniel; Chaverri Esquivel, Laura; Passos Pequeno, Andréia
Tamandua mexicana species has an important role in the natural ecosystem as a pest controller, feeding on insects such as termites. One of the main anatomical adaptations that this species has undergone has been to its thoracic extremities. Having detailed knowledge regarding the osteology of the thoracic limbs of T. mexicana provides a strong base for its application in clinical-surgical practice. In addition to collaborating with the greater understanding of animal physiology and behavior. Because there was a lack of description about the appendicular skeleton anatomy of this species, the objective of this investigation was to describe the osteology and the radiographic anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of the T. mexicana. The bones used belonging to the appendicular skeleton of two specimens of T. mexicana were properly cleaned using standard boiling and maceration techniques. The morphometry of the bones was performed using a measuring tape, pachymeter, and radiographies. With this study, it was possible to identify and describe the anatomical peculiarities such as the presence of the double scapular spine that shapes the caudolateral fossa, and at the end of the humerus, the supratrochlear foramen, in addition to a markedly prominent medial epicondyle. In addition, a difference was observed between metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the third digit compared to the other ones, as it is significantly thicker. These findings reinforced the evidence that a certain degree of anatomical specialization is a result of an adaptation of this species to its environment and diet. The knowledge provided by research like this contributes to the improvement of surgical techniques and diagnostic approach in the species.
Combining RNAScope and RCA reveals a novel epitheliotropic bovine xipapillomavirus in udder papillomas
(Elsevier, 2025-11-01) Alfaro-Mora, Ramsés; ZOBBA, Rosanna; Cacciotto, Carla; ANTUOFERMO, Elisabetta; Pietro Burrai, Giovanni; Polinas, Marta; Rodríguez Barahona, Julia; Anfossi, Antonio; Dolz, Gaby; Alberti, Alberto
The diversity of papillomaviruses (PVs) remains largely unexplored, with many viral types still unidentified among mammalian hosts. Data on PV presence is particularly scarce in several regions of the world, including Central America. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel Xipapillomavirus detected in udder papillomas from two dairy cows in Costa Rica. A combination of histopathology, RNA in situ hybridization (RNAScope), rolling circle amplification (RCA), and sequencing confirmed the viral presence, enabling genetic characterization and assessment of its cellular tropism. Based on our findings, we propose classifying this novel PV as a new type within the Bovine papillomavirus species, designated BPV45. Results revealed that BPV45 is an epitheliotropic virus closely related to BPV12 and belongs to the species Xipapillomavirus 1. Further research is needed to confirm the viral tropism for bovine udder tissue and to evaluate the potential economic impact on milk production and lactation performance.
Compressive behavior of SLA open-cell lattices: a comparison between triply periodic minimal surface gyroid and stochastic structures for artificial bone
(ELSEVIER, 2024-11-11) Araya, Miguel; Murillo, Josué; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; Guillen, Teodolito
This study evaluates the compressive properties of stereolithography (SLA) fabricated open-cell lattices, specifically triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid and stochastic structures, for artificial bone applications. Two resins, Standard White and BioMed Amber, were tested across four relative densities (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). Mechanical characterization of horse tuber coxae trabecular bone used as a biological comparator showed an average elastic modulus of 0.05 GPa and a yield strength of 3.369 MPa. Gyroid structures exhibited higher elastic modulus and yield strengths, with BioMed Amber gyroid at a density of 0.5, achieving an elastic modulus of 0.623 GPa and yield strength of 14.149 MPa. Stochastic structures showed lower and more variable mechanical properties. The highest yield strength for stochastic structures was observed in BioMed Amber at a density of 0.5 (14.199 MPa). Comparative analysis indicated that high-performing synthetic structures approach the lower bounds of natural bone properties. Using a field-driven design approach, variable relative density structures were developed to emulate the mechanical properties of natural bone. SEM analysis provided insights into failure mechanisms, highlighting the impact of relative density on structural integrity and material ductility. This research supports the development of 3D-printed bone-like structures as viable substitutes for cadaveric specimens in preclinical tests, with implications for material science and orthopedic applications.
Detection of Vector Transmitted Zoonotic Pathogens in Nonhuman Primates in the Manuel Antonio National Park and Surrounding Areas of Costa Rica
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2025) Rojas-Sánchez, Ernesto; Mata-Masís, María; Calderón-Bailey, Jennifer; Zuniga-Moya, Maria J.; Solorzano-Morales, Antony; Vega-Benavides, Karen; Jiménez-Soto Mauricio; Dolz, Gaby
Background: The Manuel Antonio National Park (MANP) and its surrounding areas in Costa Rica are home toendangered non-human primates (NHPs), including Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus and Cebus imitator, that coexistin close contact with humans and domestic animals. Such interactions may facilitate the transmission of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of selected vector-transmitted pathogens ofzoonotic relevance in NHPs from this region.Methods: Between 2021 and 2022, 40 free-ranging NHPs (19 C. imitator, 19 S. oerstedii citrinellus, 2 Alouattapalliata) were sampled in MANP and surrounding areas. Blood samples were tested for Trypanosoma spp.,Plasmodium spp., Mycoplasma spp., and arboviruses including dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV),Zika virus (ZIKV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Molecular analyseswere conducted using PCR and RT-qPCR protocols, with sequencing for species conﬁrmation.Results: Eight of 40 NHPs (20.0%) tested positive for at least one pathogen. Trypanosoma minasense was conﬁrmedby sequencing in three C. imitator (16.7%). Plasmodium spp. was detected in one C. imitator and one A. palliata (5.0%),though species-level identiﬁcation was unsuccessful. One C. imitator tested positive for CHIKV (Ct 36.8), representingthe ﬁrst PCR-conﬁrmed case of CHIKV in NHPs in Central America. Two C. imitator were positive for Mycoplasmaspp. (11.1%). No co-infections were observed. All animals were negative for DENV, ZIKV, VEEV, and WNV.Conclusions: This study provides the ﬁrst molecular evidence of CHIKV infection in NHPs in Costa Rica andhighlights the circulation of Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., and Mycoplasma spp. in wild primates fromMANP. These ﬁndings emphasize the need for a One Health approach to surveillance, particularly in regionswhere human–wildlife interactions are frequent. Longitudinal and serological studies are recommended to assessthe potential reservoir role of NHPs and their implications for public health and conservation.
Estrategias para el manejo de heridas crónicas complicadas con biopelícula de bacterias multirresistentes en equinos: revisión bibliográfica, diagnóstico y protocolo de tratamiento
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2024) Estrada McDermott, Juan Manuel; Vicente Salazar, Yayo; Vargas Arrieta, José; Alpízar Boza, Adriana; Rubí Chacón, Randall; Alfaro Umaña, Edgar; Estrada Pull, Tiffany; Rojas Sánchez, Ernesto; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; BARQUERO-CALVO, ELIAS; Muñoz Vargas, Lohendy; Estrada Umaña, Manuel
El propósito de este artículo es discutir algunos hechos relevantes hallados en varios casos clínicos de resistencia antibiótica tratados en equinos con la meta de hacer conciencia sobre el problema, revisar la literatura especializada en el tema y proponer alternativas terapéuticas diferentes al uso de los antibióticos disponibles. El tracto fistuloso ejemplifica una herida crónica y se manifiesta como un túnel subcutáneo con egreso a piel que permite la salida de secreción contaminada. Cuando el tracto está infectado con bacterias multirresistentes y presencia de biopelícula entonces el tratamiento médico es bastante más complicado, prolongado en el tiempo y caro debido al costo de procedimientos diagnósticos, manejo veterinario, medicamentos e internamiento hospitalario ocupado en muchos casos, además de que generalmente no se puede efectuar el uso zootécnico esperado para el animal hasta que el mismo sane y su precio se devalúa por la lesión. El rol de las biopelículas bacterianas en heridas con infección crónica es abordado y en vista de la dificultad para identificarlas, se aconseja buscar los signos clínicos específicos sugerentes del problema y aplicar el “Algoritmo Diagnóstico de Percival” para la detección de biopelícula. El tratamiento debería basarse en desbridamiento repetido y aplicación de terapia antimicrobiana tópica, sin recetar antibióticos sistémicos a menos que existan signos de infección generalizada. Se discuten un protocolo de tratamiento para mejorar el manejo de la lesión y la utilización de sustancias antisépticas alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales actuales, además de aplicación de conceptos de UNA SALUD para lidiar con el problema.
First report of Paragonimus mexicanus infection in a domestic cat from Costa Rica
(British Veterinary Association, 2026-01-06) Achi-Castro, Laura; García, Ricardo; Zúñiga-Moya, María; Dolz, Gaby; Arguedas, Randall
Paragonimus is the only genus in the family Troglotrematidae. Dogs, cats and other mammals may become infected by consuming crabs or shrimp harbouring metacercariae. A 1.11-year-old cat was presented with chronic coughing episodes. Thoracic radiography and ultrasonography suggested diffuse pneumonia. Cytology from a pulmonary granuloma and faecal examination revealed numerous trematode eggs (50–100 µm) consistent with Paragonimus spp. Molecular analysis of faecal DNA confirmed 100% nucleotide identity with Paragonimus mexicanus metacercariae previously reported from freshwater crabs in Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Antiparasitic therapy combining praziquantel, pyrantel and mebendazole resolved clinical signs. This case highlights the importance of including paragonimiasis in the differential diagnosis of cats with chronic respiratory disease in Central America, where aquatic intermediate hosts and wild reservoirs are abundant, even in peri-urban settings.
Health assessment of Golden-Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta Palliata Palliata) in dry forest from the North Pacific Coast, Costa Rica
(American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2025-03-14) Nodolf, Shannon B.; Smith, Joseph A.; Volle, Kurt A.; Bernal-Valle, Sofía; Dolz, Gaby; Russell, Mariah
The golden-mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata palliata) represents an excellent sentinel species for use in One Health modeling because of its extensive natural range, regular contact with humans and domestic animals, and susceptibility to zoonotic diseases. The purpose of this research is to establish baseline health assessments for free ranging golden-mantled howler monkeys in Marino Las Baulas National Park, Costa Rica. In April 2013, seven free ranging golden-mantled howler monkeys were anesthetized for physical examinations and biological sample collection, including blood for hematology and blood gas analysis. All seven howler monkeys studied appeared in good overall health. On physical exams, 4/7 (57%) had some level of dental disease, most notably crown fractures. Fecal samples for endoparasite evaluation were collected from the seven anesthetized animals as well as an additional three animals that were anesthetized but remained in the trees out of reach for full physical exams. Feces were collected from the rectum or collected from the ground immediately after defecation. Fecal analysis showed 9/10 (90%) had one or more species of intestinal parasites, and one animal tested positive for Giardia spp. Hematologic values showed a mild monocytosis and eosinophilia compared to other Alouatta spp. Trypanosoma spp. were present in the blood smear of one animal. Additional vector-borne disease testing found one individual PCR positive to Plasmodium spp., and one individual PCR positive to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Antibodies for West Nile virus were found in 5/7 (71%) of the animals; however, PCR testing for West Nile virus and dengue virus was negative for all samples. This represents the first published health assessments for howler monkeys in this region.
Human ascariasis, an evolutionary complex relationship between host and parasite
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2022) Baldi, Mario; Baldi, Norberto
Ascariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease that has decimated the health of hundreds of thousands of human beings, especially in developing countries. The lack of adequate prophylaxis of the parasite associated with an increased risk of immunological disease is a challenge mainly in developed countries where the prevalence of this parasite is very low. The evolutionary relationship and mechanisms by which the parasite was able to colonize and establish itself in human hosts have not yet been unraveled. In addition, the host immune response mechanisms to eliminate or control the parasite are not fully understood. Understanding these immunological mechanisms (proximates) will allow establishing better medical treatments for diseases related to the positive effects of parasitosis, thus also avoiding the undesirable effects of the parasitosis itself.
Identification of Paragonimus mexicanus and P. caliensis in freshwater crabs from Costa Rica: evidence of zoonotic lung fluke diversity in Central America
(PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2026-01-13) Wehrtmann, Ingo S.; Hernández-Chea, Roderico; Magalhães, Célio; Dolz, Gaby; Zuniga Moya, María José; Romero-Chaves, Raquel; Villalobos-Rojas, Fresia
Paragonimus spp. are foodborne trematodes with complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and decapod crustaceans. In Central America, Paragonimus mexicanus is a known zoonotic agent, whereas the public health significance of P. caliensis remains unclear. Between 2015 and 2016, we surveyed freshwater crabs across 51 sites in 15 river basins spanning three major climatic regions in Costa Rica. A total of 419 crabs (10 species) were examined for metacercariae; male crabs were identified morphologically, and infected females were identified to species by 16S rRNA and COI sequencing. Metacercariae were detected in six crab species, three of which represent new hosts of Paragonimus. The highest prevalence in male crabs occurred in Ptychophallus uncinatus (55.6%, 25/45). Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of two Paragonimus species in crabs: P. mexicanus and P. caliensis. A binomial GLM showed that males had higher odds of infection than females (p = 0.0059). Most infections occurred in areas along the Caribbean coast and in the Northern Region, which drains into Lake Nicaragua and Río San Juan. A binomial GLM revealed that the probability of Paragonimus infection varied significantly across climatic regions. Crabs from the Caribbean slope had the highest odds of infection, followed by the Northern Region. In contrast, crabs from the Pacific slope were significantly less likely to be infected. These patterns support the existence of geographic clusters of transmission within Costa Rica. We provide the first species-level, molecular confirmation of infected female crabs in Costa Rica and identify three freshwater crab species as newly recognized second intermediate hosts. These findings expand the known host range and distribution of Paragonimus in Costa Rica and highlight the need for public health education about the risks of consuming undercooked freshwater crabs.
In-vivo and ex-vivo evaluation of bio-inspired structures fabricated via PBF-LB for biomedical applications
(Elsevier, 2025-04) Araya, Miguel; Järvenpää, Antti; Rautio, Timo; Vindas Bolaños, Rafael; Estrada McDermott, Roberto; de Ruijter, Mylène
Titanium-based lattice structures have gained significant attention in biomedical engineering due to their potential to mimic bone-like behavior and improve implant performance. This study evaluates the performance of bio-inspired Ti64 TPMS Gyroyd and Stochastic lattice structures fabricated via Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam (PBF-LB), focusing on their in-vivo and ex-vivo mechanical and biological responses for biomedical applications. Utilizing an SLM 280 HL printer, samples exhibited notable geometric accuracy essential for mechanical integrity. The study highlights significant mechanical properties and geometric precision improvements achieved through chemical etching. Mechanical characterization revealed that the as-built Gyroid lattice had the highest elastic modulus (3.64 GPa) and yield strength (200.65 MPa), which improved post-etching (3.62 GPa and 219.35 MPa, respectively). The Stochastic lattice demonstrated lower yield strength values post-etching (169.81 MPa). In-vivo analyses in horse models, both structures demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and osseoin-tegration with no adverse inflammatory responses. Ex-vivo push-out tests showed that the chemically etched Gyroid structure achieved the highest resistance to push-out force (1645.407 N) and most significant displacement (2.754 mm), indicating superior energy absorption (4920.425 mJ). These findings underscore the critical influence of microstructural design and surface treatments on implant functionality, offering novel insights into improving biomedical implant performance through lattice architecture and post-processing.
Molecular detection of vector-borne and hemotropic pathogens in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from a tropical ecotourism area in Costa Rica
(Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology, 2026-01-03) Calderon-Bailey, Jennifer; Rojas-Sanchez, Ernesto; Mata-Masís, María; Jiménez-Soto, Mauricio; Solorzano-Morales, Antony; Zúñiga-Moya, María José; Varela-Amador, Javier; Vega-Benavides, Karen; Dolz, Gaby
Interactions between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans in ecotourism settings could facilitate the circulation of pathogens with zoonotic potential. Raccoons Procyon lotor), due to their synanthropic behavior and adaptability, may serve as hosts for several infectious agents at these interfaces. This study aimed to investigate the presence of vector-borne and hemotropic pathogens in free-ranging raccoons inhabiting Manuel Antonio National Park (MANP) and its surrounding communities, a major tourist destination in Costa Rica. Between 2021 and 2022, nineteen raccoons were captured using Tomahawk traps, anesthetized, clinically examined, and sampled for hematological and molecular analyses. DNA extracted from blood was screened using real-time and conventional PCR assays targeting Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Trypanosoma spp., Mycoplasma spp., and canine protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1). Of the individuals tested, 6/19 (31.6 %) were positive for Anaplasmataceae, 4/14 (28.6 %) for Mycoplasma spp., and 6/14 (42.9 %) for CPPV-1. One raccoon was confirmed to carry Mycoplasma haemocanis (99 % nucleotide identity with GenBank accession MN294708), representing the first molecular identification of this species in raccoons worldwide. Coinfections were detected in five animals. No raccoons tested positive for Rickettsia spp. or Trypanosoma spp. Hematological profiles were largely within reference ranges; however, mild leukogram variations and occasional hyperglobulinemia were observed, with no consistent infection-associated pattern. These findings provide molecular evidence of pathogen presence in raccoons from a high-tourism area and highlight their potential epidemiological relevance at the wildlife-human interface. The results underscore the need for sustained One Health surveillance to better assess pathogen transmission risks in tropical ecotourism settings.
Pathology caused by the trematode circumvitellatrema momota in free-range wild blue-crowned motmots (Momotus momota) in Central America
(American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2025) Chaves Hernandez, Aida; Jiménez Rocha, Ana; Quesada Vasquez, Dioney; Lizano Zumbado, Adrián; Martínez, Juan; Jiménez-Soto, Mauricio
Wildlife conservation law in Costa Rica protects common motmots (Momotus momota), limiting the specimens available to study their health and biology. This report describes the finding of the trematode Circumvitellatrema momota in the trachea, air sacs, lung, and celomatic cavity of two free-living M. momota. Histiocytic air sacculitis and pleuritis with granulomas containing trematodes, as well as adhesions between the air sacs and pericardium, were observed. In addition, histiocytic pneumonia, air sacculitis, celomitis, ulcerative tracheitis, and necrotizing histiocytic hepatitis showing intralesional parasites were detected. Eggs with morphology compatible with C. momota were found in the feces of both birds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. momota in motmots of Central America. As may be seen in the second case, severe respiratory compromise was possibly affecting the bird’s capacity to fly. Longitudinal studies of the host, parasite, and environment are necessary to understand the implication for C momota infection to the health and survival of the common motmot.
Psittacine beak and feather disease in 2 free-living great green macaws: a case report and literature review
(AAVLD, 2025) Olivares, Roberto W I; Bass, Laura G.; Sáenz Bräutigam, Andrés; Sandí Carmiol, Janet; Villada Rosales, Ana M.; Dolz, Gaby; Solórzano Morales, Antony; Zúñiga Moya, María J.; Granados Solano, Roxana; Mc Hale, Brittany; Zúñiga Cortés, Diego S.; Uzal, Francisco A.
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is caused by the psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV; Circoviridae, Circovirus parrot). This disease affects mainly young captive birds, inducing lesions mainly in the skin adnexa and lymphoid organs. Here we report PBFD in 2 free-living great green macaws (Ara ambiguus). The birds were depressed and had lost feathers and body condition. The diagnosis was confirmed by gross lesions and PCR testing in one bird, and by gross and microscopic lesions, PCR testing, viral sequencing, and in situ hybridization in the other bird. Gross lesions in both birds included mild beak discoloration and feather loss. Microscopic lesions in the bird whose tissues were examined histologically included bronchopneumonia and severe lymphoid depletion with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear botryoid inclusion bodies in the cloacal bursa. Sequences of the viral DNA obtained from paraffin-embedded cloacal bursa tissue had 100% nucleotide and 100% amino acid identity with several strains of PBFDV isolated from captive birds in multiple countries. To our knowledge, PBFD has not been reported previously in free-living great green macaws.
Seroprevalencia de agentes infecciosos que afectan el sistema reproductor de búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis), en Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2025) Rivera, Josué; Zúñiga, María José; ROMERO-ZUÑIGA, JUAN JOSÉ; Dolz, Gaby
Los búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) son susceptibles a la mayoría de patógenos que afectan a los bovinos, siendo aquellos que ocasionan problemas reproductivos o baja productividad, los que más inciden en la producción pecuaria. Hasta la fecha, en Costa Rica, únicamente se ha determinado la prevalencia de brucelosis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del virus de leucosis bovina (BLV), herpes virus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1), virus de la diarrea viral bovina (BVDV) y Neospora caninum en búfalos de agua de Costa Rica. Se recolectaron, durante mayo y agosto de 2020, 372 muestras de sangre de individuos mayores a 15 meses edad pertenecientes a 20 fincas de las provincias de Alajuela, Guanacaste, San José, Heredia, Limón y Puntarenas. Las muestras se analizaron mediante técnicas inmunoenzimáticas comerciales (IDVET, Montpellier, Francia). Se determinó la seroprevalencia global, así como a nivel de fincas, de cada agente. Las seroprevalencias globales estimadas para BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum fueron 54,0%, 41,7%, y 64,3%, respectivamente. Hubo seropositivos a BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum en todas las provincias analizadas. Las mayores seroprevalencias de BHV-1 se determinaron en Alajuela (65,3%), Heredia (52,8%) y Limón (45,4%); las de BVDV en San José (68,2%) y Alajuela (63,9%), y de N. caninum en San José (86,4%), Alajuela (69,4%), Guanacaste (66,6%) y Limón (61,4%). El 85,0%, 75,0% y 100% de las fincas resultaron positivas a BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum, respectivamente. En ninguna finca se detectaron animales positivos a BLV. Este es el primer estudio que reporta la seroprevalencia de BHV-1, BVDV y N. caninum en búfalos de agua de Costa Rica. Estos agentes podrían estar ocasionando problemas reproductivos en las fincas, por lo que se recomienda investigar el efecto de estos patógenos tendientes a establecer programas de control y prevención.
Seroprevalencia de Besnoitia besnoiti, Coxiella burnetii y Chlamydia abortus en hatos bovinos lecheros de la zona norte de Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2025) Fallas Elizondo, Daisy Elena; Jiménez Rocha, Ana Eugenia; Romero Zúñiga, Juan José; Dolz, Gaby
Besnoitia besnoiti y los agentes zoonóticos Coxiella burnetii y Chlamydia abortus ocasionan enfermedad reproductiva en bovinos. En Costa Rica no se cuenta con reportes de prevalencia de B. besnoiti y C. burnetii. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia y distribución de estos tres agentes en fincas de lechería especializada y de doble propósito de la zona Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Fueron estudiados 600 animales de 40 fincas (15 por finca), ubicadas en los distritos de Aguas Zarcas (5), Ciudad Quesada (9), Fortuna (4), Monterrey (2), Muelle (3), Venecia (5) y Zarcero (12). El análisis serológico se realizó mediante los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos comerciales de la compañía ID.VET (Montpellier, Francia). La seroprevalencia determinada para B. besnoiti fue alta (27,3%). Animales seropositivos se encontraron en un 80% de las fincas y en todos los distritos analizados, menos en la Fortuna, con las mayores prevalencias en Aguas Zarcas (64%), Venecia (36,6 %) y Zarcero (33,3 %). La seroprevalencia de C. burnetii fue 16,8 %, los animales positivos se encontraron en un 70 % de las fincas y distribuidos en todos los distritos, en especial Zarcero (24,6 %), Ciudad Quesada (19,2 %) y Aguas Zarcas (17,7 %). Con respecto a C. abortus, se determinó una seroprevalencia de 1,3 %, los animales seropositivos se encontraron solamente en un 17,5 % de fincas en tres distritos: Aguas Zarcas (3,3 %), Monterrey (3,3 %) y Ciudad Quesada (2,9 %). Se recomienda alertar a los grupos productores veterinarios y autoridades, para que tomen las medidas de prevención y control necesarias, en particular para C. burnetii y C. abortus, por su potencial zoonótico y realizar investigaciones para confirmar la presencia de estos agentes mediante aislamiento o diagnóstico molecular.
Serosurvey of Arboviruses in Free-Ranging Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica
(Wildlife Disease Association, 2025-02-03) Larsen, R Scott; Moresco, Anneke; Karabatsos, Nick; Dolz, Gaby; Glander, Kenneth E.
We investigated the prevalence of arthropod-borne viral diseases in a population of free-ranging mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica in 1998. Blood samples were opportunistically collected from monkeys anesthetized for another study. Serology was performed on 64 individuals to assess exposure of this population to vesicular stomatitis virus, equine encephalitis viruses, Mayaro virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and dengue virus. The New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis (VSV-NJ) was the only pathogen for which the population tested positive (44% [28/64]). This is the first report of antibodies against VSV-NJ in nonhuman primates in Costa Rica.
The O-Chain of Brucella abortus Lipopolysaccharide Induces SDS-Resistant MHC Class II Molecules in Mouse B Cells
(Elsevier, 1994-09-15) Escola, Jean Michel; Moreno, Edgardo; Chavrier, Philippe; Gorvel, Jean Pierre E.
El LPS es el antígeno más importante de las bacterias Brucella, patógenos intracelulares facultativos gramnegativos que infectan a una gran proporción de animales y humanos en el mundo. Para comprender mejor los mecanismos de respuesta inmunitaria monitoreados por Brucella, se utilizó su LPS como antígeno modelo. Se probó la capacidad de S-LPS, R-LPS, lípido A y cadena O purificados de Brucella abortus para inducir moléculas MHC clase II resistentes a SDS después de la incubación con células de linfoma B murino. El S-LPS y la cadena O dieron una respuesta significativa, lo que sugiere que la cadena O podría inducir una asociación con la propia clase II o podría actuar como transportador de antígenos para unirse a moléculas MHC clase II.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Peruvian Amazon, 2020
(Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2025) Piche-Ovares, María Marta; García Mendoza, Maria Paquita; Moreira Soto, Andres; Fischer, Carlo; Brünink, Sebastian; Figueroa Romero, Maribel Dana; Merino Sarmiento, Nancy Susy; Marcelo Ñique, Adolfo Ismael; Málaga Trillo, Edward; Gatty Nogueir, Miladi; Cabezas Sanchez, César Augusto; Drexler, Jan Felix
We screened 1,972 febrile patients from the Peruvian Amazon in 2020–2021 for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Neutralizing antibody detection rate was 3.9%; 2 patients were PCR positive. Genome identity compared to Peru VEEV subtype ID strains was 97.6%–98.1%. Evidence for purifying selection and ancestry ≈54 years ago corroborated VEEV endemicity.
When climate change couples social neglect: malaria dynamics in Panamá
(Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2014) Amarilis Hurtado, Lisbeth; Cáceres, Lorenzo; Chaves, Luis Fernando; Calzada, José E
A major challenge of infectious disease elimination is the need to interrupt pathogen transmission across all vulnerable populations. Ethnic minorities are among the key vulnerable groups deserving special attention in disease elimination initiatives, especially because their lifestyle might be intrinsically linked to locations with high transmission risk. There has been a renewed interest in malaria elimination, which has ignited a quest to understand factors necessary for sustainable malaria elimination, highlighting the need for diverse approaches to address epidemiological heterogeneity across malaria transmission settings. An analysis of malaria incidence among the Guna Amerindians of Panama´ over the last 34 years showed that this ethnic minority was highly vulnerable to changes that were assumed to not impact malaria transmission. Epidemic outbreaks were linked with El Nin˜ o Southern Oscillations and were sensitive to political instability and policy changes that did not ensure adequate attention to the malaria control needs of the Gunas. Our results illustrate how the neglect of minorities poses a threat to the sustainable control and eventual elimination of malaria in Central America and other areas where ethnic minorities do not share the benefits of malaria control strategies intended for dominant ethnic groups.

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