Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar

URI permanente para esta comunidadhttp://10.0.96.45:4000/handle/11056/14052

La Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Mar (FCTM) de la Universidad Nacional (UNA), se crea en el año 1973 y desde sus inicios se ha caracterizado por su compromiso con los principios y valores que sustentan la Universidad Necesaria; la cual en lo fundamental se caracteriza por la búsqueda de nuevos espacios que le permitan seguir aportando a la sociedad profesionales y productos de la investigación, extensión y servicios que contribuyan a la mejora en la calidad de vida de la población costarricense y sus relaciones con la naturaleza.

Decana: Grace Wong Reyes, Ph.D, correo electrónico: grace.wong.reyes@una.cr

Contacto:

Página web: www.tierraymar.una.ac.cr

Correo: fctm@una.cr

Teléfono: (506) 2277-3226 / (506) 2277-3280

Biblioteca Especializada Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar:

Página web: www.bctm.una.ac.cr

Correo: bctm@una.cr

Teléfono: 2562-6490 / 2562-6491

Facebook: @BibliotecaTierrayMar

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Mostrando 1 - 14 de 14

Aftershocks of the 2012 Mw 7.6 Nicoya, Costa Rica, earthquake and mechanics of the plate interface
(Seismological Society of America (SSA), 2017-05-02) Chaves, Esteban; Duboeuf, Laure; Schwartz, Susan; Lay, Thorne; Kintner, Jonas
Subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, generates large underthrusting earthquakes with a recurrence interval of about 50 yrs. The most recent of these events occurred on 5 September 2012 (Mw 7.6). A vigorous sequence of more than 6400 aftershocks was recorded by a local seismic network within the first four months after the mainshock. We determine locations and focal mechanisms for as many aftershocks as possible with M ≥1:5 occurring within the first nine days of the mainshock, all aftershocks with M ≥3 through the end of 2012, and all events with M ≥4 through the end of 2015. We determine faulting geometries using regional full waveform moment tensor (MT) inversion for the largest events (M ≥4) and P-wave first-motion polarities for smaller events, producing a mechanism catalog with 347 earthquakes. Sixty percent of these events are identified as underthrusting, and their locations are compared with spatial distributions of mainshock slip, afterslip, prior interplate seismicity, and slow-slip phenomena to better understand the mechanical behavior of the plate interface. Most of the aftershocks on the megathrust occur up-dip of the coseismic slip, where afterslip is large, and between coseismic slip and shallow slow-slip patches. The pattern of interplate seismicity during the interseismic period is similar to that for the aftershocks but does not extend to as great a depth. The coseismic slip extends even deeper than the interplate aftershocks, suggesting that the mainshock ruptured a strongly locked patch driving down-dip slip into the conditionally stable part of the deep plate interface that also hosts slow slip. About 80% of the aftershocks have one nodal plane oriented favorably to promote failure from static stress changes following the mainshock and early afterslip, whereas most others occur in regions of large afterslip.
Altitudinal and seasonal distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera, papilionoidea) in cerro bufa el diente, Tamaulipas, Mexico
(Pensoft Publishers, 2019-12-31) Meléndez-Jaramillo, Edmar; Cantú Ayala, César; Sánchez-Reyes, Uriel Jeshua; Sandoval-Becerra, Fatima Magdalena; Herrera-Fernández, Bernal
Butterflies are one of the most recognized and useful groups for the monitoring and establishment of important conservation areas and management policies. In the present study, we estimate the richness and diversity, as well as the association value of submontane scrub, oak forest, and cloud forest species at Cerro Bufa El Diente, within the Sierra de San Carlos priority land region, located in the Central-western region of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Three sampling sites were established based on criteria of vegetation distribution per altitudinal floor. One site for each altitudinal floor and vegetation type. Sampling was carried out in permanent transects on a monthly basis at each site, using an aerial entomological net and ten Van Someren-Rydon traps, during four sampling periods: early dry season, late dry season, early wet season and late wet season. In total, 7,611 specimens belonging to six families, 20 subfamilies, 32 tribes, 148 genera and 243 species of the study area were collected. Nymphalidae was the most abundant family with 3,454 specimens, representing 45.38% of total abundance in the study area. Lower abundance was recorded in Hesperiidae (19.17%), Pieridae (16.41%), Lycaenidae (10.17%), Papilionidae (5.12%), and finally Riodinidae (3.74%). The highest species richness was presented in the family Hesperiidae with 34.57% of the total obtained species followed by Nymphalidae (30.45%), Lycaenidae (15.23%), Pieridae (9.88%), Papilionidae (5.76%), and Riodinidae (4.12%). Twenty-seven species were categorized as abundant, these species, Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker, 1878), Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767), Mestra amymone (Ménétriés, 1857) and Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval, 1836) presented the highest number of specimens. Sixty-five species were considered common, constituting 41.73% of the total number of butterflies, 63 frequent (9.76% of the total abundance), 55 limited (2.54%) and 33 rare (0.43%). The greatest number of specimens and species, as well as alpha diversity, were presented on the lowest altitudinal floor, made up of submontane scrub, and decreased significantly with increasing altitude. According to the cluster analysis, low and intermediate altitude sites constitute an area of distribution of species that prefer tropical conditions, while the third-floor site forms an independent group of high mountain species. The greatest abundance and richness of species, as well as alpha diversity, was obtained during the last wet season, decreasing significantly towards the early dry season. Moreover, through the use of the association value, 19 species were designated as indicators, three for the last altitudinal floor, three for the intermediate and 13 for the first. The present work represents the first report of the altitudinal variation in richness, abundance and diversity of butterflies in the northeast of Mexico. These results highlight the importance of the conservation of this heterogeneous habitat and establish reference data for the diurnal Lepidoptera fauna of the region. © E. Meléndez-Jaramillo et al.
Composition and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) along an atmospheric pollution gradient in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico
(Pensoft Publishers, 2021) Meléndez-Jaramillo, Edmar; Cantú Ayala, César Martín; Treviño-Garza, Eduardo Javier; Sánchez-Reyes, Uriel Jeshua; Herrera Fernández, Bernal
This study compares the variation of richness, abundance and diversity of butterfly species along an atmospheric pollution gradient and during different seasons in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico. Likewise, we analyse the influence of environmental variables on the abundance and richness of butterfly species and quantify the indicator species for each atmospheric pollution category. Based on spatial analysis of the main atmospheric pollutants and the vegetation cover conditions, four permanent sampling sites were delimited. The sampling was carried out monthly in each of the sites using aerial entomological nets and ten Van Someren-Rydon traps during May 2018 to April 2019. A total of 8,570 specimens belong-ing to six families and 209 species were collected. Both species richness and abundance were significantly different between all sites, except for the comparison between the moderate contamination site and the high contamination site; diversity decreased significantly with increasing levels of contamination. The sea-sonality effect was absent on species richness; however, for species abundance the differences between dry season and rainy season were significant in each site excepting the moderate contamination site. Regard-ing diversity, the seasonal effect showed different distribution patterns according to each order. Relative humidity, vegetation cover and three pollution variables were highly correlated with both abundance and species richness. From the total number of species found, only 47 had a significant indicator value. This study constitutes the first faunistic contribution of butterflies as indicators of the environmental quality of urban areas in Mexico, which will help in the development of strategies for the management, planning and conservation of urban biodiversity.
Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures
(American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2020) Lecocq, Thomas; Hicks, Stephen; Van Noten, Koen ; van wijk, kasper; Koelemeijer, Paula; De Plaen, Raphael; Massin, Frédérick; Hillers, Gregor; Anthony, Robert E.; Apoloner, Maria-Theresia; Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario; Assink, Jelle; Büyükakpınar, Pınar; Cannata, Andrea; Cannavo', Flavio; Carrasco, Sebastian; Caudron, Corentin; Chaves, Esteban; Cornwell, David; Craig, David; den Ouden, Olivier; Diaz, Jordi; Donner, Stefanie; Evangelidis, Christos; Evers, Läslo; Fauville, Benoit; Fernandez, Gonzalo; Giannopoulos, Dimitrios; Gibbons, Steven J.; Girona, Társilo; Grecu, Bogdan; Grunberg, Marc; Hetényi, György; Horleston, Anna; Inza, Adolfo; Irving, Jessica C.E.; Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza; Kafka, Alan; Koymans, Mathijs R.; Labedz, Celeste; Larose, Eric; Lindsey, Nathaniel; McKinnon, Mika; Megies, Tobias; Miller, Meghan; Minarik, William; Moresi, Louis-Noel; Márquez Ramirez, Víctor H; Möllhoff, Martin; Nesbitt, Ian; Niyogi, Shankho; Ojeda, Javier; Oth, Adrien; Proud, Simon; Pulli, Jay; Retailleau, Lise; Rintamäki, Annukka E.; Satriano, Claudio; Savage, Martha; Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar; Sleeman, Reinoud; Sokos, Efthimios; Stammler, Klaus; Stott, Alexander; Subedi, Shiba; Sørensen, Mathilde Bøttger; Taira, Taka'aki; Tapia, Mar; Turhan, Fatih; van der Pluijm, Ben; Vanstone, Mark; Vergne, Jérôme; Vuorinen, Tommi; Warren, Tristram; Wassermann, Joachim; Xiao, Han
Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. Although the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This quiet period provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of human activities.
Influence of Physico-Chemical Factors on the Efficiency and Metabolite Profile of Adult Pinus radiata D. Don Bud Organogenesis
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2022-09-10) Rojas Vargas, Alejandra; Castander-Olarieta , Ander; Montalbán, Itziar Aurora; Moncalean, Paloma
Genetic improvement programs for conifer forest species face the challenge of propagating elite individuals with superior characteristics in the present landscape of climate change; the problem is focused on the fact that when these individuals have shown the desirable traits, they have changed phase and therefore have lost the ability to be propagated by traditional methods. Based on our previous works on Pinus spp. regeneration of adult trees through organogenesis and trying to improve the protocol in Pinus radiata, our objective was to analyze the influence of collection dates and different 6-benzyladenine (BA) concentrations in the first phase of shoot induction, as well as the effect of different light types on the success of root induction. Moreover, we were interested in studying the effect of the abovementioned physico-chemical factors on the amino acid and carbohydrate content in the shoots developed in vitro. Reinvigorated shoots were obtained in both BA concentrations (22 or 44 M), although the highest BA concentration showed the best results in terms of shoot induction (explants forming shoots (46%) and number of shoots per explant (1.95 0.52)) when using initial explants collected in the first week of February. The percentage of explants forming shoots (EFS) was genotype-dependent. Explants from genotype A induced with the highest BA concentration showed the highest EFS (91%). With respect to the light treatment applied, significant differences in root induction (20%) and in the number of roots per explant (4.62 0.65) were observed in shoots cultured under white FL. Finally, significant differences in different phases of the rooting process were detected in the amounts of fructose, glucose and sucrose and in the content of threonine and tyrosine.
Investigación para la toma de decisiones de manejo en áreas marinas protegidas como la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica
(Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica, 2020-03-20) Chacón, Iria S.; Soley, Fernando G.
Introduction. Scientific information is often needed to guide management decisions, but marine protected areas usually lack such information. Further, these protected areas face the challenge of protecting highly-mobile pelagic species that move between protected areas in different countries and across fishing zones. In general, the dissociation that commonly exists between academic and conservation groups, which work under different objectives and reward systems, serves as an obstacle for producing the information that is needed by wildlife managers. This limitation is further enhanced in oceanic islands, such as Isla del Coco because of their mere remoteness, a condition that dramatically increases the economic and operational costs for doing research. Objective: To illustrate the challenge of generating useful scientific information for conservation decision making in protected areas, using Isla del Coco National Park in Costa Rica as a case study, and to propose pos-sible solutions. Results: In order to produce the scientific information that these areas require, it is necessary to: i) distinguish between biologically relevant information, and information required for decision-making, ii) generate information about the threats to biodiversity, even in the absence of information about the species themselves, iii) establish clear goals and objectives for monitoring plans, and iv) build strong links between two types of groups: those that work from mainland and those that operate offshore; this includes working alongside fishing vessels. Conclusions: It will be a great challenge to articulate such relationships between groups, but this option seems more viable (in terms of associated logistic and economical costs) than attempting to collect the required data from an isolated academic platform. Also, this articulation appears to be the only way of generating information that is crucial for stock management, such as the accurate characterization of the fishing activity
Observations on the role of frugivorous bats as seed dispersers in Costa Rican secondary humid forests
(BioOne Digital Library, 2004) Lopez, Jorge E.; Vaughan, Christopher
The role of frugivorous bats as seed dispersers in humid neotropical tropical forests was evaluated between January and August 1995. Thirty germination trials were set up using seeds defecated by six bat species. Seeds of Piper multiplinervium and Ficus insipida, defecated by Carollia brevicauda and Artibeus jamaicensis, respectively, showed significantly higher germination percentages than seeds not ingested by bats. Of seven seed species regurgitated by bats, only Markea neurantha showed significant increases in percent germination compared to seeds not ingested by bats. Of 19 tents and three active feeding roosts found, 12 tents and three feeding roosts were in primary forest, while six tents were in abandoned plantations. For tent construction, four bat species used six plant species. Fifty-two percent of seeds found under tents and feeding roosts were from secondary forest species. Twenty-two percent of seed species in fecal samples from netted bats in three secondary forest types were primary forest species. Bats in our study dispersed seeds between different habitat types.
Occupancy and probability of detection of the introduced population of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Turrialba, Costa Rica
(Firenze University Press, 2022-07-28) Barrantes-Madrigal, Jimmy; Spínola-Parallada, Manuel; Alvarado, Gilbert; Acosta-Chaves, Víctor José
The Puerto Rican Common coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) has a long history as an invasive species in places such as Hawaii. Since its introduction in Costa Rica, scarce information is available to understand why and how the habitat in the Turrialba town is suitable for the species. Our goal was to analyze the habitat selection of E. coqui to identify if there are key habitat features that explained its success there. We measured 9 site variables that may affect the habitat selection of E. coqui in 92 survey units of 10 m radius distributed over a 500 m radius from its introduc-tion point. We registered the presence/pseudo-absence data of E. coqui and environmental variables in each survey unit during eight surveys. We ran occupancy models to determine the influence of the variables on the habitat selec-tion and to estimate its detection probability. We found that sites near the introduction point, containing abundant vegetation, bromeliads, and palms have a higher probability to be occupied by E. coqui. The habitat selection in Costa Rica shares characteristics with the populations of Puerto Rico and Hawaii. But, unlike the case in Hawaii, in Costa Rica this species has maintained a limited dispersal because the potentially higher biotic resistance, as well a sedentary behavior. However, the microhabitat conditions used by E. coqui in the study site are common throughout the coun-try. Therefore, active management in new populations and environmental education programs to avoid human trans-portation of the species is critical to reduce its dispersal.
Pesticides Burden in Neotropical Rivers: Costa Rica as a Case Study
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2021-11-29) Echeverría-Sáenz, Silvia; Spínola, Romeo; Soto-Rojas, Cristina
Neotropical ecosystems are highly biodiverse; however, the excessive use of pesticides has polluted freshwaters, with deleterious effects on aquatic biota. This study aims to analyze concentrations of active ingredients (a.i) of pesticides and the risks posed to freshwater Neotropical ecosystems. We compiled information from 1036 superficial water samples taken in Costa Rica between 2009 and 2019. We calculated the detection frequency for 85 a.i. and compared the concentrations with international regulations. The most frequently detected pesticides were diuron, ametryn, pyrimethanil, flutolanil, diazinon, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, and epoxiconazole, with presence in >20% of the samples. We observed 32 pesticides with concentrations that exceeded international regulations, and the ecological risk to aquatic biota (assessed using the multi-substance potentially affected fraction model (msPAF)) revealed that 5% and 13% of the samples from Costa Rica pose a high or moderate acute risk, especially to primary producers and arthropods. Other Neotropical countries are experiencing the same trend with high loads of pesticides and consequent high risk to aquatic ecosystems. This information is highly valuable for authorities dealing with prospective and retrospective risk assessments for regulatory decisions in tropical countries. At the same time, this study highlights the need for systematic pesticide residue monitoring of fresh waters in the Neotropical region.
Soundscape structure in forests surrounded by protected and productive areas in central Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2023-03-09) Retamosa Izaguirre, Monica; Barrantes Madrigal, Jimy
Ecosystems are under a multitude of pressures, including land-use change, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Most studies, resources, and conservation efforts are allocated to protected areas, while anthropogenic activities in their surroundings may affect them in ways that are poorly understood. We evaluated soundscape structure in forests surrounded by protected or productive areas in central Costa Rica. We sampled soundscapes in 91 recording sites in Grecia Forest Reserve and Poas Volcano National Park, and surrounding areas with productive activities (predominantly agricultural and urban). We classified sampling sites into three clusters according to landscape entropy, forest amount, and fragmentation surrounding recording points: more fragmented, more conserved, and intermediate. The conserved cluster showed higher acoustic diversity or entropy, but lower acoustic complexity, shorter duration of sounds in all frequency ranges, and lower amount of energy in the biological frequency bands than the fragmented cluster. We additionally found a positive significant relationship between the amount of forest and acoustic entropy or diversity indices, but a negative relationship with acoustic activity or energy indices. Indices, such as spectral and temporal entropy, the entropy of spectral variance, and total entropy, seemed to be a better fit than acoustic complexity and bioacoustic indices as indicators of habitat conservation in this study. Acoustic indices revealed that the surrounding matrices of protected areas have an impact on acoustic environments. We encourage researchers and decision-makers to carefully interpret acoustic indices when evaluating habitats showing a higher value in acoustic energy or activity because this might not necessarily reflect either a high level of biodiversity or habitat conservation. Also, we highlight the importance of preserving undisturbed forested matrices around protected areas, as they are important for maintaining acoustic diversity.
Testing Explant Sources, Culture Media, and Light Conditions for the Improvement of Organogenesis in Pinus ponderosa (P. Lawson and C. Lawson)
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2023-02-14) Rojas Vargas, Alejandra; Castander-Olarieta , Ander; Velez, Maria Laura; do Nascimento, Antonia Maiara Marques; Pereira, Cátia; Martins, João; Zuzarte, Monica; Canhoto, Jorge; Montalbán, Itziar Aurora; Moncaleán, Paloma
Pinus. ponderosa (P. Lawson and C. Lawson) is a commercial tree and one of the most important forest species in North America. Ponderosa pine suffers hardship when going through vegetative propagation and, in some cases, 15–30 years are needed to achieve full reproductive capacity. Based on previous works on P. ponderosa regeneration through in vitro organogenesis and trying to improve the published protocols, our objective was to analyze the influence of different types of explants, basal culture media, cytokinins, auxins, and light treatments on the success of shoot multiplication and rooting phases. Whole zygotic embryos and 44 M 6-benzyladenine showed the best results in terms of explants survival. For shoot organogenesis, whole zygotic embryos and half LP (LP medium, Quoirin and Lepoivre, 1977, modified by Aitken-Christie et al., 1988) macronutrients were selected. A significant positive interaction between whole zygotic embryos and half LP macronutrients was found for the percentage of explants forming shoots. Regarding the light treatments applied, a significantly higher percentage of shoots elongated enough to be rooted was detected in shoots growing under blue LED at a light intensity of 61.09 mol m2 s1. However, the acclimatization percentage was higher in shoots previously cultivated under fluorescent light at a light intensity of 61.71 mol m2 s1. Anatomical studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the light treatments promoted differences in anatomical aspects in in vitro shoots; needles of plantlets exposed to red and blue LEDs revealed less stomata compared with needles from plantlets exposed to fluorescent light.
The 27 February 2022 Lop Nor earthquake: detectability, location, and discrimination
(Seismological Society of America (SSA), 2022) Gibbons, Steven J.; Chaves, Esteban; Fisk, Mark
A seismic event with mb 4.8 (Mw 4.2) was detected close to the Chinese Lop Nor nuclear test site on 27 February 2022. Waveforms recorded at regional and far regional distances in central Asia indicate greater likeness with previous earthquakes in the region than with historical nuclear tests. We investigate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at regional and global stations, and find the best signals in central Asia and Alaska. Lower SNR at stations in China, Europe, and Australia is likely related to the radiation pattern. A joint probabilistic location of the 2022 event and well-constrained historical nuclear tests indicates an epicenter near 41.88° N and 88.10° E, about 25 km northwest of the tunnel portion of the test site. A moment tensor inversion using high-quality regional signals indicates a nearly deviatoric source with a 72% double couple and a reverse fault mechanism. The centroid depth is 20–25 km, consistent with depth phases recorded in Alaska. The observed faulting geometry and source composition for the 2022 Lop Nor event is consistent with previous earthquakes in the region and the spatial alignment of local geomorphological features, indicating tectonic and not anthropogenic origin.
Variation in abundance and habitat relationship of three understory insectivorous birds in a disturbed landscape of Neotropical dry forest of Colombia
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2020-09-02) Loaiza, Camilo; Montenegro, Olga L.; King, David; Spínola, Manuel; Palacio, Lilibeth Arinda; Rudas, Agustín
Background: Evaluating relationships between avian populations and their habitat is important for understanding the biology of these species and for management decisions that improve the efectiveness of restoration practices. We investigated how habitat variation along a disturbance gradient afected the abundance of three insectivorous bird species, White-bellied Antbird (Myrmeciza longipes), Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus), and Pale-breasted Spinetail (Synallaxis albescens) in a Neotropical dry forest remnant in central Colombia. Methods: The study area, which is located in Magdalena Valley, is under ecological restoration after the construction of the “El Quimbo” hydroelectric dam, with a gradient of habitat conditions, from relatively advanced secondary growth to recently disturbed areas. We conducted bird surveys and quantifed the habitat conditions from June 2018 to June 2019. We compared the relative abundance of the birds among the three zones with increasing disturbance and modeled the relationship between the bird abundance with the micro- and landscape-habitat conditions, with Poisson generalized linear model regression. Results: The relative abundance of the three bird species varied according to the habitat features and disturbance level. The abundance of White-bellied Antbirds was higher in forests and thickets than shrubland fragments; Barred Antshrike was more abundant in shrubland and thickets than in forest fragments, and Pale-breasted Spinetail had the highest abundance in shrubland and the lowest in forest fragments. The abundance of both White-bellied Antbird and Pale-breasted Spinetail did not difer among zones with diferent levels of disturbance, while the abundance of Barred Antshrike decreased in zones with more disturbance. Conclusions: There were signifcant diferences in the habitat relationships of the three understory insectivorous species along the disturbance gradient, although these species were within the same trophic group. These bird species preferred diferent stages of habitat succession and responded to diferent habitat and landscape features. Increasing forest fragment areas and decreasing the amount of edge would be useful restoration priorities for these and other similar avian species in this study area.
Wildlife diversity and relative abundance among a variety of adjacent protected areas in the northern Talamanca Mountains of Costa Rica
(MDPI AG, 2020-04-01) Sáenz-Bolaños, Carolina; Fuller, Todd K.; Carrillo, Eduardo
Protected areas are intended to achieve the long-term conservation of nature, but not all such areas are equal in their effectiveness because of their varying regulation of human activities. In Costa Rica, we assessed mammal and bird species presence and relative abundance in three protected areas in the northern Talamanca Mountains. In this humid tropical forest area, we placed camera traps in an adjacent national park, forest reserve, and indigenous territories, each with a different mix of human activities. In 10,120 trap nights, we obtained 6181 independent photos of mostly mammals (34 species other than humans) and birds (34 species). Species with greater abundance or only occurrence in the national park were mammals and birds commonly hunted outside of the park, large carnivores rarely documented in other areas, and poachers. Species found more often outside of the park were medium-sized mammals, some birds, and domestic mammals. We conclude that even in the same ecological area, varying regulations related to type of protected area have significant effects on some mammal and bird species abundances and occurrences, and thus need to be considered when assessing the overall effectiveness of protection as a conservation strategy

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