Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://10.0.96.45:4000/handle/11056/14755

Examinar

Mostrando 1 - 20 de 29

A multidisciplinary approach to analyze the antimicrobial resistance in natural ecosystems
(Elsevier, 2024-02-25) Blanco-Pena, Kinndle; Quesada-Alvarado, Francisco; Salas-González, Denis; Estrada- König, Sandra; Salom-Pérez, Roberto; Arroyo-Arce, Stephanny; Villalobos-Araya, Adriana; Rivera-Castillo, Josué; Martín-Maldonado, Bárbara; Corrales-Gutiérrez, Daniel; Gallardo-Castro, Valeria; Gutiérrez-Espeleta, Gustavo; Chaves, Andrea; Esperón, Fernando; Chaverri-Fonseca, Fabio
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a global threat to both human health and environmental well-being. Our study delved into Costa Rican wildlife reserves, uncovering a substantial human impact on these ecosystems and underscoring the imperative to pinpoint AMR hotspots. Embracing a One Health perspective, we advocated for a comprehensive landscape analysis that intricately intertwined geographic, climatic, forest, and human factors. This study illuminated the link between laboratory results and observed patterns of antimicrobial use, thereby paving the way for sustainable solutions. Our innovative methodology involved deploying open-ended questions to explore antimicrobial usage across livestock activities, contributing to establishing a comprehensive methodology. Non-invasive sampling in wildlife emerged as a critical aspect, shedding light on areas contaminated by AMR. Feline species, positioned at the apex of the food chain, acted as sentinels for environmental health due to heightened exposure to improperly disposed waste. Regarding laboratory findings, each sample revealed the presence of at least one antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG). Notably, genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines dominated (94.9%), followed by beta-lactams (75.6%), sulfonamides (53.8%), aminoglycosides (51.3%), quinolones (44.9%), phenicols (25.6%), and macrolides (20.5%). Genes encoding polymyxins were not detected. Moreover, 66% of samples carried a multi-resistant microbiome, with 15% exhibiting resistance to three antimicrobial families and 51% to four. The absence of a correlation between forest coverage and ARG presence underscored the profound human impact on wildlife reserves, surpassing previous estimations. This environmental pressure could potentially modify microbiomes and resistomes in unknown ways. As not all antimicrobial families encoding ARGs were utilized by farmers, our next step involved evaluating other human activities to identify the primary sources of contamination. This comprehensive study contributed crucial insights into the intricate dynamics of AMR in natural ecosystems, paving the way for targeted interventions and sustainable coexistence.
Advanced Parental Age as Risk Factor for Childhood Acute Iymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From Studies of The Childhood Leukemia International Consortium
(Revista Europea de Epidemiología, 2018-08-01) Petridou, Eleni Th; Georgakis, Marios K; Magnani, Corrado; Metayer, Catherine; Roman, Eve; Mueller, Beth; Ma, Xiaomei; Erdmann, Friederike; Dockerty, John; Mora, Ana Maria; Scheurer, Michael; Ezzat, Sameera; Pombo-de-Oliveira, Maria S.; Hansen, Johnni; Rashed, Wafaa; Kane, Eleanor; Doody, David; Wang, Rong; Kang, Alice Y; Skalkidou, Alkistis; Infante Rivard, Claire; Schuz, Joachim; Dessypris, Nick; Mueller, Beth A; Spector, Logan G; Metayer, Catherine; Pombo-de-Oliveira, Maria S
Advanced parental age has been associated with adverse health effects in the offspring including childhood (0–14 years) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as reported in our meta-analysis of published studies. We aimed to further explore the association using primary data from 16 studies participating in the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium. Data were contributed by 11 case-control (CC) studies (7919 cases and 12942 controls recruited via interviews) and five nested case-control (NCC) studies (8801 cases and 29690 controls identified through record linkage of population-based health registries) with variable enrollment periods (1968–2015). Five-year paternal and maternal age increments were introduced in two meta-analyses by study design using adjusted odds ratios (OR) derived from each study. Increased paternal age was associated with greater ALL risk in the offspring (ORCC:1.05, 95% CI:1.00–1.11; ORNCC:1.04, 95% CI:1.01–1.07). A similar positive association with advanced maternal age was observed only in the NCC results (ORCC:0.99, 95% CI:0.91–1.07, heterogeneity I2=58%, p=0.002; ORNCC:1.05, 95% CI:1.01–1.08). The positive association between parental age and risk of ALL was most marked among children aged 1–5 years and remained unchanged following mutual adjustment for the collinear effect of the paternal and maternal age variables; analyses of the relatively small numbers of discordant paternal-maternal age pairs were not fully enlightening. Our results strengthen the evidence that advanced parental age is associated with increased childhood ALL risk; collinearity of maternal with paternal age complicates causal interpretation. Employing datasets with cytogenetic information may further elucidate involvement of each parental component and clarify underlying mechanisms.
An ecosystem health approach and children's health living in the vicinity of banana plantations
(Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2007-09) Van Wendel de Joode, B.; Barraza, D.; Mora, AM; Córdoba, L; De la Cruz, E
To study children's exposure to pesticides, their health effects, and their social consequences in agricultural communities. Materials and methods: The study population included three communities near banana plantations (multinationals) and plantain plantations (small-scale farmers) with extensive pesticide use, and two with low pesticide use (livestock farmers and organic farmers). Pesticide exposure pathways in children were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively within a social, cultural, and gender context. To study perceptions of pesticide risks, focus groups with parents and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders were conducted. Exposure was quantitatively assessed by measuring pesticide metabolites in urine in 55 exposed children and 12 children aged 7 and 8 with low exposure. Dermal exposure was assessed in 14 of these children, and dust samples were collected from their homes. Environmental samples (air, surface and drinking water, and soil) were also collected. To study the children's development and health, a battery of neurobehavioral tests was administered to all 7- and 8-year-old children in the 5 communities.
Assessing habitat selection in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii using the model toxicant copper and colonization as a test endpoint: Does prior exposure determine biochemical and behavioral responses?
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2024-08-20) Mena, F; Echeverría-Sáenz, Silvia; Brenes-Bravo, Gabriel; Araújo, Cristiano VM; Moreira-Santos, Matilde
Habitat selection by aquatic organisms is dependent on the availability of adequate conditions to support life and the benefits that the habitat provides. Contaminated environments tend to be less attractive to organisms because reduced habitat quality leads to increased maintenance costs. Consequently, reduced colonization of such disturbed habitats is an expected response. However, colonization has been understudied as an ecotoxicological test endpoint, despite its proven ability to assess habitat selection by populations across various taxa. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether previous exposure to copper could alter the colonization behavior of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii along a non-forced exposure gradient of interconnected copper- contaminated habitats (0 to 500 µg/L) due to physiological and behavioral impairments. To assess this, post- larvae of M. rosenbergii were pre-exposed to 0, 50, 250 and 500 µg/L copper for a maximum period of 48 h. The physiological status and motility of the organisms after pre-exposure to copper were evaluated using behavioral endpoints (swimming activity by video tracking) and biochemical biomarkers (biotransformation, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity). The results indicated that pre-exposure to copper (at concentrations of 0, 50 and 500 µg/L) significantly influenced the median colonization concentration (CC50), which decreased from 270 µg/L to 109 µg/L. None of the assessed swimming parameters (speed, motility rate, exploration rate, and total distance) were affected by the pre-exposure to copper (0, 50 and 250 µg/L). Biochemically, cholinesterase levels were only affected in the prawn population exposed to 250 µg/L of copper. The present study provides a better understanding of the relevance of colonization as an ecotoxicological endpoint for assessing the spatial distribution of populations, including both new inhabitants and previously exposed organisms, in recovering habitats.
AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds
(Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 2022-02-24) Tobias, Joseph A. T; Sheard, Catherine; Pigot, Alex L.; Devenish, Adam J. M.; Yang, Jingyi; Sayol, Ferran; Neate-Clegg, Montague H. C.; Alioravainen, Nico; Weeks, Thomas L.; Barber, Robert A.; Walkden, Patrick A.; MacGregor, Hannah E. A.; Jones, Samuel E. I.; Vincent, Claire; Phillips, Anna G.; Marples, Nicola M.; Montaño-Centellas, Flavia A.; Leandro-Silva, Víctor; Claramunt, Santiago; Darski, Bianca; Freeman, Benjamín G.; Bregman, Tom P.; R. Cooney, Christopher; Hughes, Emma C.; Capp, Elliot J. R.; Varley, Zoë K.; Friedman, Nicholas R.; Korntheuer, Heiko; Corrales Vargas, Andrea; Trisos, Christopher H.; Weeks, Brian C.; Hanz, Dagmar M.; Töpfer, Till; Remeš, Vladimír; Nowak, Larissa; Carneiro, Lincoln S.; Moncada R., Amilkar J.; Matysioková, Beata; Baldassarre, Daniel T.; Martínez-Salinas, Alejandra; Wolfe, Jared D.; Chapman, Philip M.; Daly, Benjamin G.; Sorensen, Marjorie C.; Neu, Alexander; Ford, Michael A.; Mayhew, Rebekah J.; Silveira, Luis Fabio; Kelly, David J.; Annorbah, Nathaniel N. D.; Pollock, Henry S.; Grabowska-Zhang, Ada M.; McEntee, Jay P.; González, Juan Carlos T.; Meneses, Camila G.; Muñoz, Marcia C.; Powell, Luke L.; Jaime, Gabriel A.; Matthews, Thomas J.; Johnson, Oscar.; Brito, Guilherme R. R.; Zyskowski, Kristof.; Crates, Ross; Harvey, Michael G.; Jurado Zevallos, Maura; Hosner, Peter A.; Bradfer-Lawrence, Tom; M. Maley, James; Stiles, F. Gary; Lima, Hevana S.; Provost, Kaiya L.; Chibesa, Moses; Mashao, Mmatjie; Howard, Jeffrey T.; Mlamba, Edson; Chua, Marcus A. H.; Li, Bicheng; Gómez, M. Isabel; García, Natalia C.; Päckert, Martin; Fuchs, Jérôme; Ali, Jarome R.; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Carlson, Monica L.; Urriza, Rolly C.; Brzeski, Kristin E.; Prawiradilaga, Dewi M.; Rayner, Matt J.; Miller, Eliot T.; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Lafontaine, René-Marie; Scofield, R. Paul; Lou, Yingqiang.; Somarathna, Lankani; Lepage, Denis; Illif, Marshall; Neuschulz, Eike Lena; Templin, Mathias; Dehling, D. Matthias; Cooper, Jacob C.; Pauwels, Olivier S. G.; Analuddin, Kangkuso; Fjeldså, Jon; Seddon, Nathalie; Sweet, Paul R.; DeClerck, Fabrice A. J.; N. Naka, Luciano.; Brawn, Jeffrey D.; Aleixo, Alexandre; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Rahbek, Carsten; Fritz, Susanne A.; Thomas, Gavin H.; Schleuning, Matthias
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species-level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity
Bacterial communities in residential wastewater treatmentplants are physiologically adapted to high concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds
(Wiley Online Library, 2023-08-28) Chacón, Luz; Rojas-Jimenez, Keilor; Arias-Andres, Maria
Benzalkoniumchloride(BAC)isaquaternaryammoniumcompound(QAC)widely used as the active ingredient of disinfectants. Its excessive discharge into wastewater is constant and in high concentrations, likely affecting the physiology of microbial communities. We compared the physiological community profile of activated sludge (AS) bacteria with and without prior in vitro exposure to a high concentration of BAC(10 mg L−1). We measured the community functional diversity, carbon substrate multifunctionality, and the median effective concentration thatinhibits carbon respiration (EC50) using Biolog EcoPlates supplemented with a gradient of 0–50 mg L−1 of BAC. Surprisingly, we did not find significant differences in the physiological parameters among treatments. Certain abundant bacteria, including Pseudomonas, could explain the community’s tolerance to high concentrations of BAC. We suggest that bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants’ AS are “naturally” adapted to BAC due to frequent and high-dose exposure. We highlight the need to understand better the effects of QACs in wastewater, their impact on the selection of tolerant groups, and the alteration in community metabolic profiles.
Calor y cambio climático: una matriz de exposición ocupacional a estrés térmico por calor en Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2025-04) Crowell, Jennifer; Rojas-Valvede, Daniel; Masis Leandro, Keneth; Barraza, Douglas; Ugalde Ramírez, José Alexis; Gutiérrez Vargas, Randall; Casanova Quiroz, Alexandra; Chavarría Castrillo, Maricruz; Solano Gutiérrez, Fidelia; Wendel de Joode, Berna van
La investigación propone una matriz de riesgo diseñada para comparar la exposición acumulada (crónica) al calor en diferentes tipos de empleo y regiones geográficas de Costa Rica, considerando tanto las condiciones actuales como escenarios de cambio climático utilizando cuatro parámetros clave: duración, carga metabólica, frecuencia y severidad de la exposición. Esta matriz se aplicó a seis ocupaciones en dos zonas climáticas (Valle Central y Pacífico Norte). Los resultados indican que los trabajadores en el Pacífico Norte están más expuestos que los del Valle Central y que de los puestos evaluados, los cortadores de caña en Carrillo y peones en arroceras de Bagaces, enfrentan los mayores niveles de riesgo térmico. Proyecciones basadas en aumentos de temperatura entre 1 y 4 °C muestran cómo incrementará el riesgo, afectando más meses del año y más ocupaciones. Esta herramienta epidemiológica permite priorizar sectores y regiones para intervenciones de salud pública y adaptación al cambio climático, subrayando la necesidad de políticas preventivas que consideren la vulnerabilidad específica de la población trabajadora.
Cambios en la superficie sembrada de palma aceitera en el cantón de Osa, Puntarenas. Período 2014-2018
(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2020-06-29) Salas Gonzáles, Denis Mauricio
El cultivo de palma aceitera muestra un acelerado crecimiento a nivel mundial. Según datos oficiales, solo en la región latinoamericana se evidencia un crecimiento del 150,8% en el área cultivada de palma de aceite al pasar de 443 000 hectáreas en 2001 a 1 111 000 hectáreas sembradas en 2014, de las cuales 818 000 se encontraban en etapa productiva aportando cerca del 6% del aceite de palma producido en el mundo (González, 2016). Estas plantaciones han impactado los paisajes tropicales por la disminución de la vegetación natural, pastos o por el reemplazo de otros cultivos. La expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite aumentó en Costa Rica y de acuerdo con la tendencia de los últimos años, seguirá en aumento. En los últimos años se han realizado censos y encuestas agropecuarias que muestran el crecimiento general, pero no detallan las áreas geográficas donde se da ese crecimiento y el consecuente impacto a la dinámica natural de las áreas cultivadas, información clave para los procesos de ordenamiento territorial regional y local que tenemos en el país. Por tal motivo, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: analizar el cambio en la superficie sembrada con palma aceitera en el cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas en el periodo 2014-2018 y evaluar la expansión del cultivo de palma aceitera en los distritos del cantón. Para esto, se analizaron datos de instituciones gubernamentales y se identificaron y digitalizaron las plantaciones de palma aceitera de los seis distritos del cantón de Osa.
Contributions of the academy for a better understanding of the oceans in Costa Rica
(Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, 2024-03) Morales-Ramírez, Álvaro; Gómez-Ramírez, Eddy; Alfaro-Martínez, Eric; Hidalgo, Hugo G.; Ulate-Naranjo, Karol; Arias-Andres, Maria; Rojas-Villalobos, Fresia; Samper-Villarreal, Jimena; Wehrtmann, Ingo S.
El lanzamiento de la Década de los Océanos en el año 2017 estableció nuevas visiones entre la ciencia y política, para fortalecer la investigación y la gestión de los océanos y las costas. Con un 92% de superficie marina, Costa Rica es una nación de mar, que posee una gran diversidad marina, y que realiza esfuerzos para conocer mejor sus recursos costeros y marinos. En los últimos 20 años, se han desarrollado políticas para promover la gestión integrada de nuestras zonas costeras y la creación de áreas marinas protegidas. Mediante la investigación de las universidades públicas, conocemos mejor, aunque de manera incompleta, cómo se encuentran nuestros recursos pesqueros y acuicultura, los impactos de la contaminación marina y sus efectos sobre organismos y ecosistemas, los impactos del cambio climático, así como los esfuerzos para impulsar la conservación marina y la restauración de los ecosistemas marino-costeros y sus servicios. Del análisis de estas áreas de estudios, es evidente, que existen vacíos de información que deben ser abordados para generar más información científica que permita la toma de decisiones adecuadas y basadas en la ciencia, con el objeto de mejorar las políticas púbicas relacionadas a las zonas costeras, sus recursos, los servicios ecosistémicos, la gestión de las numerosas fuentes de contaminación continental que llegan a la costa y la adaptación al cambio climático.
Costa Rican Factory Workers Exposed to Chlorpyrifos
(Wolters Kluwer, 2007-09) Rojas, M.; Van Wendel del Joode, B.; Ruepert, C.; Wesseling, C.
Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxic organophosphate insecticide. Moderated toxicity of chlorpyrifos inhibits the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activity. Occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos has poisoned many workers in Central America. A group of factory workers involved in the manufacturing of bags with chlorpyrifos asked SALTRA to evaluate if they were intoxicated. To evaluate if factory workers with a chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos are intoxicated.
Dissimilar behavioral and spatial avoidance responses by shrimps from tropical and temperate environments exposed to copper
(Springer, 2022-11-17) Redondo López, Sergei; González Ortegón, Enrique.; Mena, Freylan; Araújo, Cristiano
Behavioral changes associated with exposure to pollutants represent the earliest response for organisms confronted by perceivable chemical signals. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating behavioral responses associated with different scenarios of exposure to pollutants (non-forced vs forced) in two shrimp species (Penaeus vannamei and Palaemon varians), representative of different latitudes and using copper as a model contaminant. The effects on locomotion were evaluated by exposing the shrimps to a range of copper concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L) in the forced scenario. After exposure, the movement patterns for each shrimp were recorded and used to estimate changes in the shrimps’ locomotion. For the non-forced scenario, the avoidance response was assessed by placing shrimps in a multi-compartment system where they were able to move freely along a gradient of copper (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L). In terms of locomotion, an opposite trend was observed between the species: movements were significantly reduced in P. varians with concentrations above 50 µg/L, while hyperactivity was observed for P. vannamei. When exposed to a gradient of copper in the multi-compartment system, both species significantly avoided the highest concentrations of copper, although the repellence of copper was stronger for P. vannamei. In summary, both species of shrimps were able to recognize and avoid copper; however, in terms of locomotion, they showed an opposite behavioral reaction. These results show that a contamination event can have different behavioral outcomes depending on the species and complementing forced and non-forced exposure with species-specific information can be helpful to characterize and predict the effects of contaminants at higher biological levels.
Ecohealth and Resilience Thinking: a Dialog From Experiences in Research and Practice
(Resilience Alliance, 2014) Berbés-Blázquez, Marta; Sky Oestreicher, Jordan; Mertens, Frédéric; Saint-Charles, Johanne
Resilience thinking and ecosystems approaches to health (EAH), or ecohealth, share roots in complexity science, although they have distinct foundations in ecology and population health, respectively. The current articulations of these two approaches are strongly converging, but each approach has its strengths. Resilience thinking has developed theoretical models to the study of social– ecological systems, whereas ecohealth has a vast repertoire of experience in dealing with complex health issues. With the two fields dovetailing, there is ripe opportunity to create a dialogue centered on concepts that are more thoroughly developed in one field, which can then serve to advance the other. In this article, we first present an overview of the ecohealth and resilience thinking frameworks before opening a dialogue centered on seven themes that have strong potential for cross-pollination between the two approaches: scale regime interactions, regime shifts, adaptive environmental management, social learning, participation, social and gender equity, and knowledge to action. We conclude with some future research suggestions for those interested in theoretical and practical applications at the intersection of environment and health. In particular, closer collaboration between these two fields can lead to addressing blind spots in the ecosystem services framework, complementary social-network analysis, the application
Effect of pesticides used in banana and pineapple plantations on aquatic ecosystems in Costa Rica
(Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 2013-09-05) Diepens, Noël J.; Pfennig, Sascha; Van den Brink, Paul; Gunnarsson, Jonas; Ruepert, Clemens; Castillo, Luisa E.
Current knowledge on fate and effect of agricultural pesticides comes is mainly from temperate ecosystems. More studies are needed in tropical systems in order to assess contamination risks to nontarget endemic tropical species from the extensive use of pesticides e.g. in banana and pineapple plantations. In this study, acute laboratory toxicity tests with organophosphate pesticides ethoprophos and chlorpyrifos were conducted on two Costa Rican species, cladoceran and fish . Tests showed that chlorpyrifos was more toxic than ethoprophos to and and that was also more sensitive than to both pesticides. Additionally, bioassays were performed by exposing and to contaminated water collected from the field. Chemical analyses of field water revealed that fungicides were generally the most frequent pesticide group found, followed by insecticides/nematicides and herbicides. The bioassays and values obtained from the literature confirmed that was more sensitive to pesticide contamination than and that was more sensitive than , suggesting that the native cladoceran is a more suitable test species than its temperate counterpart. Species sensitivity distributions showed no significant difference in sensitivity between tropical and temperate fish and the arthropod species exposed to chlorpyrifos in this study. Choline esterase activity (ChE) was measured in in laboratory tests in order to assess the applicability of this biomarker. ChE inhibition in was observed in the laboratory at levels below the LC of both ethoprophos and chlorpyrifos, confirming that ChE is an efficient biomarker of exposure. Both indigenous Costa Rican species used in this study were found to be suitable standard tropical test species. Further studies are needed to investigate how protective the safe environmental concentrations, derived from LC of native tropical species, are for protecting tropical aquatic natural communities.
El impacto de la resistencia a los antibióticos en el desarrollo sostenible
(Universidad de Costa Rica, 2022) Barrantes, Kenia.; Chacon Jimenez, Luz; Arias Andrés, María
La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) es un problema de salud pública cada vez más complejo y se considera como una de las mayores amenazas en todo el mundo. El desarrollo de la RA en los patógenos bacterianos es una consecuencia esperada de la adaptación evolutiva, debido a la presencia de este tipo de contaminantes, los antibióticos, en variedad de nichos ecológicos. Además, hay múltiples factores asociados con su origen y diseminación, entre ellos, el uso desmedido y poco regulado de los antibióticos en la medicina humana y veterinaria, así como en la agricultura, la ganadería y la industria. De hecho, recientemente se ha indicado el papel del ambiente como reservorio para genes de RA y bacterias resistentes a antibióticos. En este sentido, el enfoque para contener y controlar este problema tan complejo involucra de forma necesaria a diversas áreas como la medicina, la veterinaria, las ciencias ambientales y sectores de la industria y la economía. En este artículo, se realiza una descripción tanto del problema de la RA y sus elementos causales, como del enfoque multidisciplinario que ha sido propuesto para su manejo en el ámbito global. Se detalla también cómo la RA afecta el desarrollo humano sostenible conforme a la Agenda 2030 formulada por la ONU, en el cumplimiento de algunos de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible (ODS).
El impacto de la resistencia a los antibióticos en el desarrollo sostenible
(Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 2022-06) Barrantes Jiménez, K; Chacón Jiménez, L; Arias Andrés, M
La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) es un problema de salud pública cada vez más complejo y se considera como una de las mayores amenazas en todo el mundo. El desarrollo de la RA en los patógenos bacterianos es una consecuencia esperada de la adaptación evolutiva, debido a la presencia de este tipo de contaminantes, los antibióticos, en variedad de nichos ecológicos. Además, hay múltiples factores asociados con su origen y diseminación, entre ellos, el uso desmedido y poco regulado de los antibióticos en la medicina humana y veterinaria, así como en la agricultura, la ganadería y la industria. De hecho, recientemente se ha indicado el papel del ambiente como reservorio para genes de RA y bacterias resistentes a antibióticos. En este sentido, el enfoque para contener y controlar este problema tan complejo involucra de forma necesaria a diversas áreas como la medicina, la veterinaria, las ciencias ambientales y sectores de la industria y la economía. En este artículo, se realiza una descripción tanto del problema de la RA y sus elementos causales, como del enfoque multidisciplinario que ha sido propuesto para su manejo en el ámbito global. Se detalla también cómo la RA afecta el desarrollo humano sostenible conforme a la Agenda 2030 formulada por la ONU, en el cumplimiento de algunos de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible (ODS).
Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pesticides In The River Madre De Dios, Costa Rica Using PERPEST, SSD, And msPAF Models
(Springer Nature Link, 2016-09-12) Ramo, Roberto A.; Van Den Brink, Paul J.; Ruepert, Clemens; Castillo, Luisa E.; Gunnarsson, Jonas S.
This study assesses the ecological risks (ERA) of pesticides to aquatic organisms in the River Madre de Dios (RMD), which receives surface runoff water from banana, pineapple, and rice plantations on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Water samples collected over 2 years at five sites in the RMD revealed a total of 26 pesticides. Their toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using three recent ERA models. (1) The PERPEST model showed a high probability (>50 %) of clear toxic effects of pesticide mixtures on algae, macrophytes, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and community metabolism and a low probability (<50 %) of clear effects on fish. (2) Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) showed a moderate to high risk of three herbicides: ametryn, bromacil, diuron and four insecticides: carbaryl, diazinon, ethoprophos, terbufos. (3) The multi-substance potentially affected fraction (msPAF) model showed results consistent with PERPEST: high risk to algae (maximum msPAF: 73 %), aquatic plants (61 %), and arthropods (25 %) and low risk to fish (0.2 %) from pesticide mixtures. The pesticides posing the highest risks according to msPAF and that should be substituted with less toxic substances were the herbicides ametryn, diuron, the insecticides carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethoprophos, and the fungicide difenoconazole. Ecological risks were highest near the plantations and decreased progressively further downstream. The risk to fish was found to be relatively low in these models, but water samples were not collected during fish kill events and some highly toxic pesticides known to be used were not analyzed for in this study. Further sampling and analysis of water samples is needed to determine toxicity risks to fish during peaks of pesticide mixture concentrations. The msPAF model, which estimates the ecological risks of mixtures based on their toxic modes of action, was found to be the most suitable model to assess toxicity risks to aquatic organisms in the RMD. The PERPEST model was found to be a strong tool for screening risk assessments. The SSD approach is useful in deriving water quality criteria for specific pesticides. This study, through the application of three ERA models, clearly shows that pesticides used in plantations within the RMD watershed are expected to have severe adverse effects on most groups of aquatic organisms and that actions are urgently needed to reduce pesticide pollution in this high biodiversity ecosystem.
Identification of anthropogenic impact on natural habitats by antimicrobial resistance quantification in two neotropical wild cats and their geospatial analysis
(BioOne COMPLETE, 2023) Angulo, Ana Sofía.; Fajardo, Fernando Esperón; Salom-Pérez, Roberto; Carazo Salazar, Javier; Taylor, Francisco; Pilé, Edwin; Quesada-Alvarado, Francisco; Blanco- Peña, Kinndle
Human activities such as habitat degradation and fragmentation threaten biodiversity in Neotropical areas. This work proposes an analytical methodology to identify natural areas in Central America with anthropogenic impact, analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in accordance with their theoretical relationship with human-related activities. Sixteen ARGs were quantified in feces of different individuals of 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 13 pumas (Puma concolor) in three conservation areas in Costa Rica by real-time PCR. At least one ARG was detected in all samples. Of the ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance, the most frequent were tetQ and tetY (85% and 69%, respectively). The sulfonamides (sulI and sulII; 69% each), phenicols (catI and catII; 19% and 54%, respectively), and quinolones (qnrS; 12%) were also detected. The presence of human settlements, livestock farms (pigs, cattle, and poultry), roads, human health centers, flood zones, and rivers were identified within each area to generate an index of human activity. We found no difference between the presence of ARG by roads, agricultural activities, and human settlements (P.0.05). However, tetW showed higher percentages with porcine and bovine farms; both tetY and tetW were more frequent in jaguars than in pumas. Of concern is that many of the most contaminated samples were taken from national parks, such as Braulio Carrillo and Tortuguero, where animals should not have direct contact with humans.
Medidas para la reducción del riesgo de contaminación ambiental con residuos de antibióticos y propagación de bacterias resistentes
(Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica, 2023-06-30) Villalobos Araya, Adriana; Estrada Konig, Sandra; Chaves Ramírez, Andrea; Rivera Castillo, Josué; Gutiérrez Espeleta, Gustavo; Chaverri Fonseca, Fabio; Blanco Peña, Kinndle
La contaminación ambiental con antibióticos y la propagación de bacterias resistentes pueden provocar daños a la salud, el surgimiento de nuevas pandemias, la alteración del equilibrio de los ecosistemas, la inseguridad alimentaria y una crisis económica mundial. Ante este contexto, se plantea un análisis documental de las causas y consecuencias del problema, con el propósito de proponer medidas para la reducción de los riesgos. Como resultado de la investigación, se plantea el abordaje de la problemática a partir del enfoque “Un mundo, una salud”, donde es fundamental la implementación de buenas prácticas para la prevención de enfermedades infecciosas y el uso óptimo de antibióticos en la salud humana, animal y vegetal. Esto debe estar acompañado de procesos de investigación y concientización social, participación ciudadana, incidencia y gestión política, que permitan conservar un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Pesticide residue analyses and biomarker responses of native Costa Rican fish of the poeciliidae and cichlidae families to assess environmental impacts of pesticides in Palo Verde National Park
(Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 2013-09-05) Mena, F.; San Juan, M. Fernández; Campos, B.; Sáchez-Ávila, J.; Faria, M; Pinnock, M; De la Cruz, E.; Lacorte, S.; Soares, A.M.V.M.; Barata, C.
Pesticide chemical residues in water samples and biomarker responses in transplanted fish were used to monitor environmental hazards of pesticides in Palo Verde National Park (Costa Rica). The Costarican fish, Parachromis dovii (Ciclhidae) and Parachromis dovii Poecilia gillii (Poecillidae), were selected as sentinel species. Contaminant analyses detected up to 15 different pesticide residues in water with hexachlobenzene (2261 ng l ), phorate (473 ng l ), epoxiconazole (314) and bromacil (117 ng l ) being the compounds found in higher concentrations. Biomarker responses evidenced impacts on cholinesterase activities in transplanted fish at Barbudal site probably due to the presence of organophosphate insecticides such as phorate. High enzyme activities of glutathione S-transferase and catalase and elevated levels of lipid peroxides were also observed at a site impacted by rice fields (Cabuyo); those effects could be associated with the presence of hexachloro benzene and triazole fungicides. In general, P. dovii biomarkers were affected to a greater extent than those of P.gillii in fish transplanted to sites associated with agriculture, which suggests the former species is a good candidate for future surveys.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Fatal Ischemic Heart Disease
(Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2005-11-01) Burstyn, Igor; Kromhout, Hans; Kauppinen, Timo; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Langard, Sverre; Svane, Ole; Partanen, Timo; Ferro, Gilles; Heederik, Dick; Shahan, Judith; Stucker, Isabelle; Randem, Britt G.; Johansen, Cristoffer; Hooiveld, Mariette; Heikkila, Pirjo; Boffetta, Paolo
Several toxicologic and epidemiologic studies have produced evidence that occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, a clear exposure–response relation has not been demonstrated.We studied a relation between exposure to PAH and mortality from IHD (418 cases) in a cohort of 12,367 male asphalt workers from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, The Netherlands and Norway. The earliest follow up (country-specific) started in 1953 and the latest ended in 2000, averaging 17 years. Exposures to benzo(a)pyrene were assessed quantitatively using measurement-driven exposure models. Exposure to coal tar was assessed in a semiquantitative manner on the basis of information supplied by company representatives. We carried out sensitivity analyses to assess potential confounding by tobacco smoking. Both cumulative and average exposure indices for benzo- (a)pyrene were positively associated with mortality from IHD. The highest relative risk for fatal IHD was observed for average benzo- (a)pyrene exposures of 273 ng/m3 or higher, for which the relative risk was 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.13–2.38). Similar results were obtained for coal tar exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that even in a realistic scenario of confounding by smoking, we would observe approximately 20% to 40% excess risk in IHD in the highest PAH-exposure categories. Our results lend support to the hypothesis that occupational PAH exposure causes fatal IHD and demonstrate a consistent exposure–response relation for this association. Background: Several toxicologic and epidemiologic studies have

Examinar

Examinando Artículos científicos por browse.metadata.rights "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International"