El territorio como recurso: movilidad y apropiación del espacio en México y Centroamérica
Fecha
2018
Autores
Hoffmann, Odile
Morales Gamboa, Abelardo
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ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales
Resumen
Si bien sabemos con los desarrollos teóricos de la geografía que el espacio, la política y la sociedad no están disociados unos de otros sino, al contrario, son co-sustanciales (Lefebvre, 1974; Lévy, 1994; Santos, 1997), la relación analítica entre estas dimensiones requiere de su constatación y explicitación en variados escenarios y temporalidades. Es decir, de una contextualización fina y adecuada a cada caso que permita entender los resortes políticos, económicos y también culturales de esta co-sustancialidad que define lo que Sack llama la territorialidad (Harvey, 1990; Sack, 1986; Di Méo, 1998). Esta necesidad de demostración se da con más razón en espacios donde, como en los mexicanos y centroamericanos, se manifiesta una pluralidad de texturas, pliegues y costuras territoriales, resultado de la acumulación de procesos históricos de formación, desaparición y producción de límites y dispositivos territoriales (Pérez Brignoli, Hall y Cotter, 2003). Las reconfiguraciones geográficas / territoriales son la traducción espacial de confrontaciones entre fuerzas sociales, o entre pequeñas sociedades y colectivos, en interacción constante entre ellos y con sus entornos tanto sociales como naturales (Nicholls, Miller y Beaumont, 2011). La movilización política de comunidades -localizadas o virtuales-, la celebración de rituales y otras prácticas comunitarias parecen ser constitutivas de una constante relación de un cuerpo social (llámese comunidad de vecinos, comunidad étnica o nación) con su espacio natural y social, comúnmente denominados «territorios». A veces, estos pueden concebirse como «patrimonios» territoriales que hacen eco a la cohesión social y cultural de un colectivo. Pero también pueden referirse, fuera de determinantes culturales, al espacio que permite el abastecimiento de recursos fundamentales para la supervivencia del grupo social que busca conservarlo. Es decir, los lugares/territorios patrimonializados
no son necesariamente esos lugares imaginarios de una recóndita identidad «tradicional» o étnica. Son lugares de la cotidianeidad, algunos heredados y otros formados en la modernidad reciente, y todos producidos (Melé, 2008). Los territorios son fuentes de identidad pero no existen solos, están conectados con otras fuentes indispensables de subsistencia (económicas, políticas).
Although we know from theoretical developments in geography that space, politics, and society are not dissociated from one another but, on the contrary, are co-substantial (Lefebvre, 1974; Lévy, 1994; Santos, 1997), the analytical relationship between these dimensions requires verification and explanation in various settings and temporalities. That is, a fine contextualization appropriate to each case that allows us to understand the political, economic, and also cultural springs of this co-substantiality that defines what Sack calls territoriality (Harvey, 1990; Sack, 1986; Di Méo, 1998). This need for demonstration is even more evident in spaces where, as in Mexico and Central America, a plurality of territorial textures, folds, and seams are evident, resulting from the accumulation of historical processes of formation, disappearance, and production of territorial boundaries and devices (Pérez Brignoli, Hall, & Cotter, 2003). Geographic/territorial reconfigurations are the spatial translation of confrontations between social forces, or between small societies and collectives, in constant interaction with each other and with their social and natural environments (Nicholls, Miller, & Beaumont, 2011). The political mobilization of communities—localized or virtual—and the celebration of rituals and other community practices appear to constitute a constant relationship between a social body (be it a neighborhood community, an ethnic community, or a nation) and its natural and social space, commonly referred to as "territories." These can sometimes be conceived as territorial "heritages" that echo the social and cultural cohesion of a collective. But they can also refer, beyond cultural determinants, to the space that provides the supply of essential resources for the survival of the social group seeking to preserve it. In other words, heritage-based places/territories are not necessarily those imaginary places of a hidden "traditional" or ethnic identity. They are places of everyday life, some inherited and others formed in recent modernity, and all produced (Melé, 2008). Territories are sources of identity, but they do not exist alone; they are connected to other essential sources of subsistence (economic, political).
Although we know from theoretical developments in geography that space, politics, and society are not dissociated from one another but, on the contrary, are co-substantial (Lefebvre, 1974; Lévy, 1994; Santos, 1997), the analytical relationship between these dimensions requires verification and explanation in various settings and temporalities. That is, a fine contextualization appropriate to each case that allows us to understand the political, economic, and also cultural springs of this co-substantiality that defines what Sack calls territoriality (Harvey, 1990; Sack, 1986; Di Méo, 1998). This need for demonstration is even more evident in spaces where, as in Mexico and Central America, a plurality of territorial textures, folds, and seams are evident, resulting from the accumulation of historical processes of formation, disappearance, and production of territorial boundaries and devices (Pérez Brignoli, Hall, & Cotter, 2003). Geographic/territorial reconfigurations are the spatial translation of confrontations between social forces, or between small societies and collectives, in constant interaction with each other and with their social and natural environments (Nicholls, Miller, & Beaumont, 2011). The political mobilization of communities—localized or virtual—and the celebration of rituals and other community practices appear to constitute a constant relationship between a social body (be it a neighborhood community, an ethnic community, or a nation) and its natural and social space, commonly referred to as "territories." These can sometimes be conceived as territorial "heritages" that echo the social and cultural cohesion of a collective. But they can also refer, beyond cultural determinants, to the space that provides the supply of essential resources for the survival of the social group seeking to preserve it. In other words, heritage-based places/territories are not necessarily those imaginary places of a hidden "traditional" or ethnic identity. They are places of everyday life, some inherited and others formed in recent modernity, and all produced (Melé, 2008). Territories are sources of identity, but they do not exist alone; they are connected to other essential sources of subsistence (economic, political).
Descripción
Palabras clave
IDENTIDAD CULTURAL, TERRITORIALIDAD, TERRITORIALITY, MIGRACIÓN, MIGRATION