Efecto de los áfidos, las hormigas y su asociación sobre el aborto de los cojines florales enhíbridos de Theobroma Cacao
Fecha
2016
Autores
Garita Rojas, Cristian
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional. (Costa Rica). Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias
Resumen
Con el fin de determinar el efecto de los áfidos, las hormigas y su asociación sobre el aborto de
los cojines florales en híbridos de Theobroma cacao, se llevó a cabo un experimento en la finca
“Cacao Cántaro” en Pavones, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. En él se efectuó un muestreo de
insectos durante el periodo de floración que transcurrió entre Febrero y Marzo de 2016, el
mismo llevó a cabo inspecciones dirigidas a los cojines florales para identificar los diferentes
morfotipos de áfidos y las hormigas de interés agrícola presentes en ellos. De cada morfotipo
se obtuvieron dos submuestras, una se trasladó al Laboratorio de Entomología del INTA, Costa
Rica, para obtener evidencia fotográfica de cada una de las estructuras anatómicas de los
insectos y la segunda se envió a las Universidades de Barcelona y León en España con el fin de
realizar la identificación taxonómica de los individuos. Durante las semanas 14 a 30 de 2016,
se llevó a cabo un ensayo en la finca de Cacao Cántaro para evaluar el efecto de los áfidos, las
hormigas y su asociación sobre la pérdida de los cojines florales en el cultivo, el mismo se
estableció con un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con doce repeticiones por tratamiento.
La unidad experimental correspondió a un árbol de cacao, 48 árboles en total fueron utilizados
en el experimento. El diseño de tratamientos fue factorial con dos factores (áfidos y hormigas)
y dos niveles (presencia y ausencia). Por lo que se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: árboles sin
insectos, árboles sólo con áfidos, árboles sólo con hormigas y árboles con áfidos y hormigas.
Semanalmente, se monitoreó la incidencia y la severidad de áfidos, hormigas y su asociación
en cada uno de los árboles incluidos en el experimento, a su vez se llevó un registro semanal
de las condiciones climáticas (temperatura, humedad relativa y precipitaciones) con el fin de
determinar si estas últimas tenían algún impacto sobre la incidencia de insectos en la época de
floración. La identificación taxonómica detectó una única especie de áfido, una de zompopa y
cinco especies de hormigas, de tres géneros distintos, asociadas a los cojines florales de cacao.
Se determinó que los áfidos y las hormigas causaron alrededor del 6,6% de las pérdidas totales
de estructuras florales en los árboles, siendo esta la tercera causa de pérdida de estructuras
florales por debajo de las patologías causadas por hongos y por las fisiopatías. Aunque no se
encontró suficiente evidencia estadística para afirmar que exista correlación entre las
condiciones climáticas del periodo en estudio y la incidencia de áfidos y hormigas, se
determinó que los áfidos son la plaga principal para el cultivo, mientras que las hormigas
identificadas proveyeron servicios ecosistémicos en términos de fitoprotección y polinización.
Finalmente, la implementación de un programa de manejo integrado de áfidos en Cacao
Cántaro podría llegar a aumentar la producción de cacao en baba hasta en 67,0 Kg/ha.
In order to determine the effect of the aphids, ants and their association on the abortion of their floral structures in Theobroma cacao hybrids, a trial was conducted in “Cacao Cantaro” farm, Pavones, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. An insect sampling was carried out during the flowering period that elapsed between February and March 2016, it made inspections aimed at the floral structures to identify different species of aphids and ants established in them. Each specie of aphids and ants was divided in two samples, one of them was sent to the Entomology Laboratory in INTA, Costa Rica to take pictures of each of the anatomical structures of the insects, and the second simple was sent to the Universities of Barcelona and León in Spain in order to perform the taxonomic identification of the insects. During weeks 14- 30, 2016, a trial was conducted in “Cacao Cantaro” farm to the effect of aphids, ants and their association on flower structures losses in cocoa crop. The trial was established as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with twelve repetitions per treatment. The experimental unit was a cocoa tree, 48 trees were used in the trial. Treatments were established as a Factorial Design with two factors (aphids and ants) and two levels (presence and absence) in each factor. Four treatments were evaluated: trees without insects, trees only with aphids, trees only with ants and trees with aphids and ants. Weekly, the incidence of aphids, ants and their association was recorded in each tree included in the trial, also a weekly record of the climate conditions (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) was took in order to determine if whether had an impact on the insect incidence during flowering season of the crop. Taxonomic identification reported one single aphid specie, only one leaf-cutter ant and five species of three different genera of ants associated to flower structures in cocoa trees. It was determined that aphids and ants caused about 6.6% of total losses of flower structures in the trees, so it became the third cause of floral losses after the diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and physiological disorders. Even not enough statiscal evidence was found to assure that there was correlation between wheather conditions during the trial and the incidence of aphids and ants, it was determined that aphids were the main pests in cocoa plantations, while the identified ants provided ecosystemic services such as crop protection and pollination. Finally, the implementation of an integrated management program of aphids in “Cacao Cantaro” could increase fresh cocoa production up to 67,0 Kg/ha.
In order to determine the effect of the aphids, ants and their association on the abortion of their floral structures in Theobroma cacao hybrids, a trial was conducted in “Cacao Cantaro” farm, Pavones, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. An insect sampling was carried out during the flowering period that elapsed between February and March 2016, it made inspections aimed at the floral structures to identify different species of aphids and ants established in them. Each specie of aphids and ants was divided in two samples, one of them was sent to the Entomology Laboratory in INTA, Costa Rica to take pictures of each of the anatomical structures of the insects, and the second simple was sent to the Universities of Barcelona and León in Spain in order to perform the taxonomic identification of the insects. During weeks 14- 30, 2016, a trial was conducted in “Cacao Cantaro” farm to the effect of aphids, ants and their association on flower structures losses in cocoa crop. The trial was established as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with twelve repetitions per treatment. The experimental unit was a cocoa tree, 48 trees were used in the trial. Treatments were established as a Factorial Design with two factors (aphids and ants) and two levels (presence and absence) in each factor. Four treatments were evaluated: trees without insects, trees only with aphids, trees only with ants and trees with aphids and ants. Weekly, the incidence of aphids, ants and their association was recorded in each tree included in the trial, also a weekly record of the climate conditions (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) was took in order to determine if whether had an impact on the insect incidence during flowering season of the crop. Taxonomic identification reported one single aphid specie, only one leaf-cutter ant and five species of three different genera of ants associated to flower structures in cocoa trees. It was determined that aphids and ants caused about 6.6% of total losses of flower structures in the trees, so it became the third cause of floral losses after the diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and physiological disorders. Even not enough statiscal evidence was found to assure that there was correlation between wheather conditions during the trial and the incidence of aphids and ants, it was determined that aphids were the main pests in cocoa plantations, while the identified ants provided ecosystemic services such as crop protection and pollination. Finally, the implementation of an integrated management program of aphids in “Cacao Cantaro” could increase fresh cocoa production up to 67,0 Kg/ha.
Descripción
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURA ORGÁNICA, HORMIGAS, PULGONES, THEOBROMA CACAO
Citación
Garita-Rojas, C. (2016). Efecto de los áfidos, las hormigas y su asociación sobre el aborto de los cojines florales enhíbridos de Theobroma Cacao. (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional, Heredia