Escenarios futuros del sistema de crédito para la educación técnica y superior en Costa Rica al 2040
Fecha
2026-02-13
Autores
Vargas Ramos, Margarita
Calvo Salazar, Annete
Montero Matamoros, Alejandra
Salas Gutiérrez, Gabriel
Valverde Soto, Max
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Esta investigación analiza los futuros posibles del Sistema de Crédito para la Educación Técnica y Superior en Costa Rica (SCETS) hacia el año 2040, mediante la aplicación del método de la prospectiva estratégica voluntarista. El estudio parte del reconocimiento de que el crédito educativo constituye un componente clave para el acceso equitativo a la educación técnica y superior, particularmente en un contexto caracterizado por desigualdades estructurales, transformaciones aceleradas del mercado laboral y una débil articulación institucional del sistema de financiamiento educativo. A partir de un enfoque teórico que integra la prospectiva estratégica y la teoría de la anticipación, la investigación concibe el futuro como un campo de posibilidades abiertas susceptible de ser moldeado por la acción estratégica de los actores. Metodológicamente, se desarrolla un análisis del entorno del SCETS mediante la matriz PESTAL, la identificación y clasificación de señales de futuro, el análisis de factores de cambio según su impacto y predictibilidad, y un mapeo estratégico de actores basado en sus relaciones de influencia y dependencia. Estos insumos permiten la construcción de escenarios prospectivos utilizando los arquetipos de futuro propuestos por Jim Dator: continuidad, colapso, disciplina y transformación. Los resultados evidencian que el SCETS opera actualmente como un sistema informal, fragmentado y sin una gobernanza clara, en el que la Comisión Nacional de Préstamos para la Educación (CONAPE) desempeña un rol central, pero enfrenta importantes desafíos de sostenibilidad financiera y visión estratégica. Se identifican diecisiete señales de futuro y veintiún factores de cambio clave que inciden en la evolución del sistema, destacándose riesgos asociados a la profundización de la desigualdad, la desconexión entre la oferta educativa y las demandas del mercado laboral, y la subestimación del impacto de las tecnologías emergentes. El estudio concluye que el futuro del SCETS dependerá de la capacidad de los actores para adoptar decisiones estratégicas oportunas, fortalecer la coordinación interinstitucional y avanzar hacia un modelo de gobernanza colaborativa con enfoque prospectivo. En este sentido, los escenarios construidos constituyen una herramienta para orientar la formulación de políticas públicas y estrategias sectoriales que promuevan un sistema de crédito educativo más inclusivo, sostenible y adaptativo frente a los desafíos del entorno al 2040.
This research analyzes the possible futures of the Costa Rican Technical and Higher Education Credit System (SCETS) toward the year 2040, through the application of the voluntarist strategic foresight method. The study begins with the recognition that educational credit is a key component for equitable access to technical and higher education, particularly in a context characterized by structural inequalities, accelerated transformations in the labor market, and weak institutional articulation of the educational financing system. Based on a theoretical approach that integrates strategic foresight and anticipation theory, the research conceives of the future as a field of open possibilities susceptible to being shaped by the strategic actions of stakeholders. Methodologically, an analysis of the SCETS environment is developed using the PESTEL matrix, the identification and classification of future signals, the analysis of change factors according to their impact and predictability, and a strategic mapping of stakeholders based on their relationships of influence and dependence. These inputs allow for the construction of prospective scenarios using the future archetypes proposed by Jim Dator: continuity, collapse, discipline, and transformation. The results show that the SCETS currently operates as an informal, fragmented system lacking clear governance, in which the National Commission for Educational Loans (CONAPE) plays a central role, but faces significant challenges in terms of financial sustainability and strategic vision. Seventeen future indicators and twenty-one key drivers of change are identified that influence the system's evolution, highlighting risks associated with deepening inequality, the disconnect between educational offerings and labor market demands, and the underestimation of the impact of emerging technologies. The study concludes that the future of the SCETS will depend on the actors' ability to make timely strategic decisions, strengthen inter-institutional coordination, and move toward a collaborative governance model with a forward-looking approach. In this regard, the scenarios developed constitute a tool to guide the formulation of public policies and sectoral strategies that promote a more inclusive, sustainable, and adaptive educational credit system in the face of the challenges of the environment by 2040.
This research analyzes the possible futures of the Costa Rican Technical and Higher Education Credit System (SCETS) toward the year 2040, through the application of the voluntarist strategic foresight method. The study begins with the recognition that educational credit is a key component for equitable access to technical and higher education, particularly in a context characterized by structural inequalities, accelerated transformations in the labor market, and weak institutional articulation of the educational financing system. Based on a theoretical approach that integrates strategic foresight and anticipation theory, the research conceives of the future as a field of open possibilities susceptible to being shaped by the strategic actions of stakeholders. Methodologically, an analysis of the SCETS environment is developed using the PESTEL matrix, the identification and classification of future signals, the analysis of change factors according to their impact and predictability, and a strategic mapping of stakeholders based on their relationships of influence and dependence. These inputs allow for the construction of prospective scenarios using the future archetypes proposed by Jim Dator: continuity, collapse, discipline, and transformation. The results show that the SCETS currently operates as an informal, fragmented system lacking clear governance, in which the National Commission for Educational Loans (CONAPE) plays a central role, but faces significant challenges in terms of financial sustainability and strategic vision. Seventeen future indicators and twenty-one key drivers of change are identified that influence the system's evolution, highlighting risks associated with deepening inequality, the disconnect between educational offerings and labor market demands, and the underestimation of the impact of emerging technologies. The study concludes that the future of the SCETS will depend on the actors' ability to make timely strategic decisions, strengthen inter-institutional coordination, and move toward a collaborative governance model with a forward-looking approach. In this regard, the scenarios developed constitute a tool to guide the formulation of public policies and sectoral strategies that promote a more inclusive, sustainable, and adaptive educational credit system in the face of the challenges of the environment by 2040.
Descripción
Palabras clave
EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR, HIGHER EDUCATION, ENSEÑANZA TÉCNICA, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, PLANIFICACIÓN STRATÉGICA, STRATEGIC PLANNING, PRÉSTAMOS ESTUDIANTILES, STUDENT LOANS, POLÍTICA PÚBLICA, PUBLIC POLICY
