La violencia de género en Guatemala y la educación en derechos humanos como garantía de no repetición
Fecha
2020
Autores
Gómez Fontecha, Fidel Ernesto
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Con la utilización de herramientas teóricas de análisis multidimensional planteadas desde el paradigma del pensamiento complejo y con la aplicación metodológica del diamante ético, el presente Trabajo Fina de Graduación (TFG) buscó determinar los vasos comunicantes entre el desmonte y desarticulación en los procesos de la educación en Guatemala en el período comprendido entre 1960 a 1996, respecto a los diferentes tipos de violencias contra las mujeres y niñas que ha sufrido este país centroamericano entre el conflicto armado y la transición a la democracia.
Asimismo, se estudiaron los programas de educación básica nacional, buscando mostrar cómo los procesos de educación inclusiva, no discriminatoria y libre de estereotipos de género pueden ser considerados como garantías de no repetición que pueden moldear sociedades respetuosas y garantes de los derechos de las niñas y mujeres en sociedades marcadas por las violencias como en el caso de Guatemala, quien se presentaba como uno de los países de la región que, junto con México ostentabas hasta hace pocos años los índices más altos de violencias de género del mundo, destacando al feminicidio como la más grave manifestación de estas violencias.
En el presente TFG se reconstruye un contexto histórico y se recopilan estadísticas sobre el fenómeno de las violencias contra las mujeres y niñas en Guatemala, mostrando su relación con el orden patriarcal heredado de la colonia y las violencias estructural y social por las que ha atravesado el país centroamericano por más de 60 años de conflicto armado evidenciando vacíos esenciales en la estructura educativa.
Teniendo en cuenta que, cada acto de violencia contras las mujeres y niñas debe ser prevenido, erradicado y sancionado por el Estado, el TFG tomó algunos casos de especial trascendencia del sistema interamericano de protección de derechos humanos que muestra algunas aproximaciones del patrón sistémico de la violencia de género en Guatemala y a su vez propone diversas soluciones a esta problemática enfocadas en la educación en derechos humanos.
Al respecto, sobre la base del referido estudio de casos y con la aplicación de conceptos de teoría crítica sobre pedagogía y derechos humanos, se mostró cómo los procesos de educación en clave de derechos humanos con perspectiva de género se presentan como una fuente de transformación liberadora y como garantía de no repetición que revierte las violencias estructurales del aparato estatal y culturales enquistadas en los patrones de comportamiento de la sociedad y de los individuos.
Este TFG analizó el sistema educativo guatemalteco en todas sus dimensiones básicas, y determinó la importancia de la implementación de políticas públicas efectivas en educación en derechos humanos respecto a la reducción de las violencias de género.
With the use of theoretical tools of multidimensional analysis based on the paradigm of complex thinking and with the methodological application of the ethical diamond, this thesis sought to determine the communicating vessels between the dismantling and disarticulation in the processes of education in Guatemala in the period from 1960 to 1996, with respect to the different types of violence against women and girls that this Central American country has suffered between the armed conflict and the transition to democracy. Likewise, national basic education programs were studied, seeking to show how inclusive, non-discriminatory education processes, free of gender stereotypes, can be considered as guarantees of non-repetition that can shape societies that respect and guarantee the rights of girls and women in societies marked by violence, as in the case of Guatemala, which was one of the countries in the region that, together with Mexico, had until a few years ago the highest rates of gender violence in the world, with femicide being the most serious manifestation of this violence. This TFG reconstructs a historical context and compiles statistics on the phenomenon of violence against women and girls in Guatemala, showing its relationship with the patriarchal order inherited from the colony and the structural and social violence that the Central American country has gone through for more than 60 years of armed conflict, evidencing essential gaps in the educational structure. Bearing in mind that every act of violence against women and girls must be prevented, eradicated and punished by the State, the TFG took some cases of special importance from the Inter-American system for the protection of human rights that show some approximations of the systemic pattern of gender violence in Guatemala and in turn proposes various solutions to this problem focused on human rights education. In this regard, based on the aforementioned case study and with the application of concepts of critical theory on pedagogy and human rights, it was shown how the processes of human rights education with a gender perspective are presented as a source of liberating transformation and as a guarantee of non-repetition that reverses the structural violence of the state and cultural apparatus entrenched in the behavior patterns of society and individuals. This TFG analyzed the Guatemalan educational system in all its basic dimensions, and determined the importance of the implementation of effective public policies in human rights education with respect to the reduction of gender violence.
With the use of theoretical tools of multidimensional analysis based on the paradigm of complex thinking and with the methodological application of the ethical diamond, this thesis sought to determine the communicating vessels between the dismantling and disarticulation in the processes of education in Guatemala in the period from 1960 to 1996, with respect to the different types of violence against women and girls that this Central American country has suffered between the armed conflict and the transition to democracy. Likewise, national basic education programs were studied, seeking to show how inclusive, non-discriminatory education processes, free of gender stereotypes, can be considered as guarantees of non-repetition that can shape societies that respect and guarantee the rights of girls and women in societies marked by violence, as in the case of Guatemala, which was one of the countries in the region that, together with Mexico, had until a few years ago the highest rates of gender violence in the world, with femicide being the most serious manifestation of this violence. This TFG reconstructs a historical context and compiles statistics on the phenomenon of violence against women and girls in Guatemala, showing its relationship with the patriarchal order inherited from the colony and the structural and social violence that the Central American country has gone through for more than 60 years of armed conflict, evidencing essential gaps in the educational structure. Bearing in mind that every act of violence against women and girls must be prevented, eradicated and punished by the State, the TFG took some cases of special importance from the Inter-American system for the protection of human rights that show some approximations of the systemic pattern of gender violence in Guatemala and in turn proposes various solutions to this problem focused on human rights education. In this regard, based on the aforementioned case study and with the application of concepts of critical theory on pedagogy and human rights, it was shown how the processes of human rights education with a gender perspective are presented as a source of liberating transformation and as a guarantee of non-repetition that reverses the structural violence of the state and cultural apparatus entrenched in the behavior patterns of society and individuals. This TFG analyzed the Guatemalan educational system in all its basic dimensions, and determined the importance of the implementation of effective public policies in human rights education with respect to the reduction of gender violence.
Descripción
Maestría en Derechos Humanos y Educación para la Paz
Palabras clave
GÉNERO, DISCRIMINACIÓN BASADA EN EL SEXO, SIGLO XX, MUJERES, GUATEMALA, GENDER, GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION, 20TH CENTURY, WOMEN