Propuesta de sistema de alerta temprana para la gestión de riesgo ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en dos plantas potabilizadoras en Costa Rica: Piedra Bruja en Jacó y La Paz en San Ramón.
Fecha
2023-02
Autores
Benavides Juárez, Pablo César
Busto Zamora, José Armando
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Editor
Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente estudio comprende dos áreas de estudio, uno situada en la localidad de La Paz,
San Ramón, Alajuela y la otra en Piedra Bruja, Jacó, Puntarenas. Más específicamente en
las microcuencas delimitadas por las plantas potabilizadoras del Instituto Costarricense de
Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) de cada una de las áreas sujeto de estudio.
La ejecución de este estudio nace como petición de esta institución (AyA), más
específicamente del Área Funcional Gestión del Riesgo, la cual, a partir de estaciones
meteorológicas instaladas en cada una de las plantas potabilizadoras de las áreas sujeto
de estudio, quiere sacar provecho de los datos de precipitación (cada cinco minutos)
mediante la elaboración de Sistemas de Alerta Temprana (SAT) ante eventos
hidrometeorológicos extremos; y con base en los resultados obtenidos establecer así
medidas de mitigación de daños que estos eventos puedan causar.
Para elaborar lo solicitado (SAT ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos) se estableció
cuatro objetivos específicos los cuales consisten en la recopilación y análisis de bibliografía
referente a SAT´s; análisis de información hidrometeorológica en las zonas sujeto de
estudio, la determinación de umbrales alerta los cuales sugieran diferentes condiciones de
alerta para afrontar los eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos; por último el proponer un
protocolo SAT ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos; esto orientado para cada una
de las áreas sujeto de estudio.
Los resultados demostraron que, el alcance del presente estudio no abarca para la creación
de los SAT ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en su totalidad, ya que se obtuvo
limitantes en cuando a aspectos técnicos de programación y telecomunicaciones (de los
cuales el AyA asume cargo a futuro). Sin embargo, se pudo proponer umbrales de alerta y
protocolos para cada una de las áreas sujeto de estudio, los cuales entraran a fases de
prueba para verificar la precisión de los mismo antes de entrar a operación o bien si
requieren de calibración.
Por tanto, a modo de recomendación se debe seguir con el monitoreo constante de los
eventos (precipitaciones/tormentas) para así recopilar eventos de mayor magnitud para
seguir optimizando los SAT propuestos. Así mismo, elaborar una modelación hidráulica
para tener una mejor comprensión de los posibles riesgos, amenazas y daños que puedan
ocasionar los ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en las áreas sujeto de estudio.
The following study includes two evaluated areas, one located in La Paz, San Ramón, Alajuela and the other one in Piedra Bruja, Jacó, Puntarenas. Specifically, in the microwatersheds delimited by the water treatment plants of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), of each studied areas. The execution of this study has as origin a request from this institution (AyA), particulary, from Área Funcional Gestión del Riesgo, which based on meteorological stations installed in each of the water treatment plants in the areas under study, expects to take advantage of precipitation data (every five minutes), through the development of Early Warning System (SAT) in case of extreme hydrometeorological events; and based on the results obtained define measures to mitigate the damage that these events may cause. In order to prepare the request (SAT in case of extreme hydrometeorological events), four specific objectives were established, which consist of the compilation and analysis of bibliography related to SAT's; analysis of hydrometeorological information in the areas under study, identificacion of alert thresholds which suggest different alert conditions to deal with extreme hydrometeorological events; finally proposing a SAT protocol for extreme hydrometeorological events. This is oriented for each of the areas under study. The results showed that the scope of this study does not cover the creation of SATs in case of extreme hydrometeorological events, due to limitations in terms of technical aspects of programming and telecommunications (AyA assumes responsibility in the future). However, it was possible to propose alert thresholds and protocols for each of the areas under study, which will enter test phase to verify their accuracy before entering into operation or if they require calibration. Therefore, in highly recommended to continue monitoring of events (precipitation/storms), in order to collect events of greater magnitude, optimizing the proposed SATs. Likewise, develop a hydraulic model to have a better understanding of the possible risks, threats and damages that may be caused by extreme hydrometeorological events in the areas under study.
The following study includes two evaluated areas, one located in La Paz, San Ramón, Alajuela and the other one in Piedra Bruja, Jacó, Puntarenas. Specifically, in the microwatersheds delimited by the water treatment plants of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), of each studied areas. The execution of this study has as origin a request from this institution (AyA), particulary, from Área Funcional Gestión del Riesgo, which based on meteorological stations installed in each of the water treatment plants in the areas under study, expects to take advantage of precipitation data (every five minutes), through the development of Early Warning System (SAT) in case of extreme hydrometeorological events; and based on the results obtained define measures to mitigate the damage that these events may cause. In order to prepare the request (SAT in case of extreme hydrometeorological events), four specific objectives were established, which consist of the compilation and analysis of bibliography related to SAT's; analysis of hydrometeorological information in the areas under study, identificacion of alert thresholds which suggest different alert conditions to deal with extreme hydrometeorological events; finally proposing a SAT protocol for extreme hydrometeorological events. This is oriented for each of the areas under study. The results showed that the scope of this study does not cover the creation of SATs in case of extreme hydrometeorological events, due to limitations in terms of technical aspects of programming and telecommunications (AyA assumes responsibility in the future). However, it was possible to propose alert thresholds and protocols for each of the areas under study, which will enter test phase to verify their accuracy before entering into operation or if they require calibration. Therefore, in highly recommended to continue monitoring of events (precipitation/storms), in order to collect events of greater magnitude, optimizing the proposed SATs. Likewise, develop a hydraulic model to have a better understanding of the possible risks, threats and damages that may be caused by extreme hydrometeorological events in the areas under study.
Descripción
Palabras clave
HIDROLOGIA, HIDROMETEOROLOGIA, PRECIPITACIÓN, CUENCA, HIDROGRAFÍA, JACO (PUNTARENAS), SAN RAMÓN (ALAJUELA), HYDROLOGY, HYDROMETEOROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, BASIN, HYDROGRAPHY