Madera aserrada de Terminalia amazonia (J.F. Gmell) “Amarillón”: estandarización para uso en la construcción.
Fecha
2024
Autores
Navarro Zumbado, Kendall
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El material de evaluación utilizado fue la especie forestal Terminalia amazonia (cc Amarillón o Roble Coral), proveniente de plantación forestal del pacífico central de Costa Rica, con edad de 26 años proporcionado por la empresa BARCA S.A. El cual ha sido unas de las especies estudiadas por su alto potencial de adaptación a suelos ácidos (tipo Ultisoles) los cuales cubren gran parte del país hasta un 46,8% (INTA, 2016), así como su buen crecimiento y calidad de madera como elemento constructivo. La industria forestal primaria en donde se efectuó el estudio se dedica a la transformación de la madera en rollo, localizada en Palmares de Pérez Zeledón, en el cantón de la provincia de San José, Costa Rica. El proyecto se centró en la implementación de los procedimientos por el método de evaluación visual y determinación de parámetros mínimos establecidos en las Normas INTE C99:2014 Madera de uso General, INTE C100:2020 Madera de Uso Estructural, así como la Norma INTECO C98:2018 para la terminología de las maderas. La madera se sometió a valoración de preservación en sales de boro y al método de secado natural por 30 días. En el proceso de evaluación según la Norma INTE C99:2014, se evaluaron dimensiones (grueso, ancho y largo), humedad y defectos de la madera, tanto en su estado verde como seca. Se utilizaron instrumentos de medición precisos, como calibradores vernier, higrómetros y flexómetros. En relación con la evaluación según la Norma INTE C100:2020, se recolectaron datos específicos sobre los defectos de las vigas estructurales en su estado verde y seca en nudos, rajaduras y grados de inclinación del hilo. Se encontró que la mayoría de las piezas evaluadas no cumplieron con los estándares establecidos en la norma INTE C99:2014. En el caso de la madera estructural con la norma INTE C100:2020, los resultados fueron más favorables, ya que el 100% de las piezas cumplían con los estándares dimensionales establecidos. Sin embargo, se observaron de igual forma defectos que afectan su resistencia estructural tales como rajaduras, pequeñas grietas y nudos, estos últimos produjeron una reducción entre 30% o 70% de resistencia estructural según el tamaño en la cara de la pieza donde se presentaron, en general, la calidad de la madera se consideró aceptable y subsanable con la posibilidad de cortar extremos con rajaduras para mejorar su clasificación de calidad.
The evaluation material used was the forest species Terminalia amazonia (cc Amarillón or Coral Oak), from a forest plantation in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, aged 26 years provided by the company BARCA S.A. It has been one of the species studied for its high potential for adaptation to acid soils (Ultisols type) which cover a large part of the country up to 46.8% (INTA, 2016), as well as its good growth and wood quality as a constructive element. The primary forest industry where the study was carried out is dedicated to roundwood processing, located in Palmares de Pérez Zeledón, in the canton of the province of San José, Costa Rica. The project focused on the implementation of the procedures by the visual evaluation method and determination of minimum parameters established in the INTE C99:2014 General Use Wood, INTE C100:2020 Structural Use Wood, as well as the INTECO C98:2018 Standard for wood terminology. The wood was subjected to preservation assessment in boron salts and the natural drying method for 30 days. In the evaluation process according to INTE Standard C99:2014, dimensions (thickness, width and length), humidity and defects of the wood, both in its green and dry state, were evaluated. Accurate measuring instruments were used, such as vernier calipers, hygrometers and flexometers. In relation to the evaluation according to INTE Standard C100:2020, specific data were collected on the defects of the structural beams in their green and dry state in knots, cracks and degrees of thread inclination. It was found that most of the pieces evaluated did not meet the standards established in INTE C99:2014. In the case of structural wood with INTE C100:2020, the results were more favorable, since 100% of the pieces complied with the established dimensional standards. However, defects affecting its structural strength such as cracks, small cracks and knots were also observed, the latter produced a reduction of between 30% or 70% of structural strength depending on the size of the face of the piece where they occurred, in general, the quality of the wood was considered acceptable and remediable with the possibility of cutting ends with cracks to improve its quality classification.
The evaluation material used was the forest species Terminalia amazonia (cc Amarillón or Coral Oak), from a forest plantation in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, aged 26 years provided by the company BARCA S.A. It has been one of the species studied for its high potential for adaptation to acid soils (Ultisols type) which cover a large part of the country up to 46.8% (INTA, 2016), as well as its good growth and wood quality as a constructive element. The primary forest industry where the study was carried out is dedicated to roundwood processing, located in Palmares de Pérez Zeledón, in the canton of the province of San José, Costa Rica. The project focused on the implementation of the procedures by the visual evaluation method and determination of minimum parameters established in the INTE C99:2014 General Use Wood, INTE C100:2020 Structural Use Wood, as well as the INTECO C98:2018 Standard for wood terminology. The wood was subjected to preservation assessment in boron salts and the natural drying method for 30 days. In the evaluation process according to INTE Standard C99:2014, dimensions (thickness, width and length), humidity and defects of the wood, both in its green and dry state, were evaluated. Accurate measuring instruments were used, such as vernier calipers, hygrometers and flexometers. In relation to the evaluation according to INTE Standard C100:2020, specific data were collected on the defects of the structural beams in their green and dry state in knots, cracks and degrees of thread inclination. It was found that most of the pieces evaluated did not meet the standards established in INTE C99:2014. In the case of structural wood with INTE C100:2020, the results were more favorable, since 100% of the pieces complied with the established dimensional standards. However, defects affecting its structural strength such as cracks, small cracks and knots were also observed, the latter produced a reduction of between 30% or 70% of structural strength depending on the size of the face of the piece where they occurred, in general, the quality of the wood was considered acceptable and remediable with the possibility of cutting ends with cracks to improve its quality classification.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Ciencias Forestales, con énfasis en Manejo Forestal, en modalidad de proyecto de graduación.
Palabras clave
PLANTACIÓN FORESTAL, PLANTATION FOREST, SUELOS ÁCIDOS, ACID SOILS, INDUSTRIA FORESTAL, FOREST INDUSTRY, NORMAS, STANDARDS, MADERA ELABORADA, PROCESSED WOOD, PÉREZ ZELEDÓN (SAN JOSÉ)