Primer año, distintas realidades: Ajuste Universitario según estrato educativo
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Gómez-Rangel, Norman
Zamora-Araya, José Andrey
Vallejos-Brenes, Rosibel
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Resumen. [Objetivo] el objetivo fue comparar las dimensiones académica, social e institucional del ajuste a la vida universitaria planteadas en la escala AjusteU, de acuerdo con el colegio de procedencia del estudiantado (estratos) en estudiantes de primer ingreso de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. [Metodología] Para medir las dimensiones asociadas al ajuste a la vida universitaria, se aplicó un cuestionario con la escala AjusteU a una muestra de 327 estudiantes de primer ingreso en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Se compararon las dimensiones académico, social e institucional con el colegio de procedencia mediante una prueba de Kruscal-Wallis en un diseño cuantitativo no experimental de corte transversal y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio a la escala AjusteU. [Resultados] Los análisis mostraron una adecuada confiabilidad del instrumento (alfa=0.92), y validez de estructura factorial (RMSEA=0.06). El ajuste académico no varía significativamente según el colegio de procedencia (media = 5.27, p > 0.05), mientras que el ajuste social e institucional sí presentan diferencias entre estratos de colegios (media social = 5.46, media institucional = 5.20) ambos, con un tamaño de efecto pequeño. [Conclusiones] Los hallazgos sugieren que el ajuste académico depende de otros factores más allá del colegio de procedencia y que en el ajuste social el estudiantado de estrato 1 tiene ventaja y en el institucional lo tienen el estrato 3. Se recomienda que los programas de apoyo institucional adopten un enfoque integral y personalizado para mejorar la adaptación de los estudiantes a la vida universitaria.
Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare the academic, social and institutional dimensions of adjustment to university life raised in the AdjustU scale, according to the school of origin of the student in first-year students at the National University of Costa Rica. To measure the dimensions associated with adjustment to university life, a questionnaire with the AjusteU scale was applied to a sample of 327 first-year students at the National University of Costa Rica. The academic, social and institutional dimensions were compared with the school of origin using a Kruscal-Wallis test in a non-experimental quantitative cross-sectional design and a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on the AjusteU scale. The analyzes showed adequate reliability of the instrument (alpha=0.92), and validity of the factor structure (RMSEA=0.06). Academic adjustment does not vary significantly according to the school of origin (mean = 5.27, p > 0.05), while social and institutional adjustment do present differences between school strata (social mean = 5.46, institutional mean = 5.20), both with a small effect size. The findings suggest that academic adjustment depends on other factors beyond the school of origin and that in social adjustment students from stratum 1 have an advantage and in institutional adjustment stratum 3 have an advantage. It is recommended that institutional support programs adopt a comprehensive and personalized approach to improve students' adaptation to university life.
Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare the academic, social and institutional dimensions of adjustment to university life raised in the AdjustU scale, according to the school of origin of the student in first-year students at the National University of Costa Rica. To measure the dimensions associated with adjustment to university life, a questionnaire with the AjusteU scale was applied to a sample of 327 first-year students at the National University of Costa Rica. The academic, social and institutional dimensions were compared with the school of origin using a Kruscal-Wallis test in a non-experimental quantitative cross-sectional design and a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on the AjusteU scale. The analyzes showed adequate reliability of the instrument (alpha=0.92), and validity of the factor structure (RMSEA=0.06). Academic adjustment does not vary significantly according to the school of origin (mean = 5.27, p > 0.05), while social and institutional adjustment do present differences between school strata (social mean = 5.46, institutional mean = 5.20), both with a small effect size. The findings suggest that academic adjustment depends on other factors beyond the school of origin and that in social adjustment students from stratum 1 have an advantage and in institutional adjustment stratum 3 have an advantage. It is recommended that institutional support programs adopt a comprehensive and personalized approach to improve students' adaptation to university life.
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Palabras clave
ESTUDIANTES, ENSEÑANZA SUPERIOR, ESTRATIFICACIÓN SOCIAL, STUDENTS, HIGHER EDUCATION, SOCIAL STRATIFICATION