Certamen literario Brunca 2023
Fecha
2023
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las falacias en el desarrollo de la literatura de ficción. “Puedes engañar a todas las personas una parte del tiempo y a algunas personas todo el tiempo, pero no puedes engañar a todas las personas todo el tiempo” Atribuido a Abraham Lincoln, aunque se presume a un autor desconocido. La premisa de la literatura de ficción es que la gente se deje engañar para disfrutar de los textos, no significa que las personas sean tontas por naturaleza, en el sentido que carezcan de capacidad de análisis. Sin olvidar que el ser humano para ser aceptado en un determinado grupo es capaz de dejar de lado sus creencias e incluso afirmar mentiras, aunque sepa la verdad. No es cuestión de autoestima, sino de miedo a la soledad social. ¿Podría un economista o un antropólogo respetable ser capaz de afirmar que las universidades no influyen en el desarrollo social, económico e intelectual de un pueblo? Históricamente la figura de la universidad (refiriéndose al conocimiento) es atacada cuando un grupo desea imponerse al poder. No se puede olvidar la quema de libros por el nazismo, o la persecución al conocimiento de distintos grupos religiosos y dictaduras durante toda la historia mundial, incluyendo la actualidad. Sin embargo, no se puede generalizar, ya que si se remonta a la Librería de Alejandria donde el poder del momento si creyó en la importancia del conocimiento para su desarrollo. Un pueblo poderoso, es más, cuando usa el conocimiento para su bien o el mal de los pueblos vecinos. En la historia reciente se recuerda la inversión descomunal en intelectuales de parte de USA para construir la bomba atómica para masacrar a un pueblo, por simple acto de venganza. Igual a la carrera espacial, un reto auto impuesto por razones de orgullo y de reforzar una identidad nacional para controlar a sus habitantes. Como lo dicta “1984” y “Un mundo feliz”, existen dos polos, uno de dejar abierto el conocimiento abrumar a las personas de “circo” para que no piensen, el otro polo, de ocultar la información y someter a un pueblo a la fuerza. Se toma el supuesto que quien controla la información tendrá un gran poder. En Costa Rica, hay dos entes encargados de brindar el conocimiento, uno el Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP), controlado por el poder político; el otro, las universidades, con su autonomía. En el caso de las universidades públicas, pese a sus deficiencias presupuestarias, han subido un escalón más para una utopía, debido a que se premia a quien desarrolla más el conocimiento. En el MEP se valora poco un maestro con dos maestrías y un doctorado, pero en las universidades ese conocimiento es privilegiado, ya que implica más transferencia de conocimiento a los estudiantes. Y es donde cae el recelo del poder político, eliminar la motivación de los profesores por crecer en conocimiento, pues así se construirá una población que acepte lo absurdo. Lo absurdo es no aceptar (como los dictan los números y la historia), el impacto en el desarrollo que ha tenido las universidades públicas en el país. Es decir, se construye en la falacia que los salarios de los profesores universitarios es el problema del país, y no se juzga que quizás el desarrollo del país seria mayor si se motivaran salarialmente (al igual que las universidades) el crecimiento intelectual de los docentes del MEP, para así mejorar la base educativa de la población. Cuando el poder político busca la capacidad dictatorial, encuentra como el camino más corto colocar de enemigo número a uno a las universidades (el conocimiento) y su ejército (los profesores), recurriendo a la falacia de los salarios, ocultando el impacto que han provocado en el desarrollo del país. Las falacias suelen ser usadas para burlarse de las personas poco agraciadas en intelecto, como lo hizo Borges al decir: “El futbol es popular porque la estupidez es popular”, no hay duda de ser una falacia, pero aceptada como verdad por las masas. Esta frase de Borges, se podría llamar “nano-ensayo literario”, el ensayo literario a diferencia del ensayo científico, este se enfoca en una perspectiva personal, se comparte la exposición argumentativa, pero sin buscar la rigurosidad científica, de modo que podría ser una simple suposición sin ningún fundamento real, o una hipótesis con fuertes fundamentos. En sí, un ensayo literario puede ser la simple opinión según las creencias del autor. El nanoensayo de Borges tiene una línea argumentativa muy simple, “si ‘p’ entonces q”, de modo que si la estupidez es popular entonces el futbol es popular. Al profundizar y comparando con un microrrelato, donde hay elementos que el lector debe conocer, aunque no se mencionen. Se denota que existen dos posibles verdades que conoce el lector, una que “el futbol es popular” y científicamente se puede validar con estadísticas, pero igual se podría decir que es popular comer verduras o frutas, y las estadísticas también validan esa premisa. El problema sería como argumentar que comer verduras o frutas es estúpido. Podemos determinar de la misma manera que atribuir al futbol la estupidez sin mayores argumentos es algo no razonable. Pero a la vez esa atribución es un buen ensayo literario, ya que nace de la opinión personal, donde el autor quiere atribuir una característica (estupidez) al futbol con una simple analogía, y sin ser exhaustiva la argumentación. La habilidad del ensayista literario como del narrador de ficción o poeta, es hacer creíble sus argumentos, aunque no sean reales. De ese modo podemos encontrar como Lewis Carroll hacer creíble que una oruga pueda cuestionar la existencia, cuando lo más probable es que ninguna oruga tenga ni siquiera consciencia. El nanoensayo de Borges tiene otro elemento externo que le da fuerza, y es el mismo autor, debido a que Borges es un reconocido intelectual que le da una posición de autoridad para que cualquier fanático acepte como verdad hasta sus chistes. Igual pasa con la frase “No voy a aflojar, por más que los esbirros de los rectores griten, no voy a aflojar”; falacias doblemente, ya que, al ser pronunciada por unas personas con cierta autoridad política, se pasa falsamente como verdad entre sus adeptos, y lo segundo, se atribuye una característica burlesca y fuera de la línea de argumentación que no concluye nada, y aunque se pueda complementar al estilo de Borges así: “... lo grito el poder político a sus esbirros”, pero no es relevante complementarla, ya que las discusiones con contenido vacío no son productivas, además de no proporcionar de riquezas literarias como si lo hace la de Borges. Y estas dos frases comparten adicionalmente un elemento, que son rápidamente identificadas como una falacia, por personas con suficiente capacidad de análisis; del mismo el modo que el lector de Alicia en el País de la Maravillas entiende que esa obra es simple ficción y en ese espacio las orugas pueden hablar y pensar. Así la literatura y la realidad están separadas por una franja delgada, con la diferencia que un analítico cuando cierra un libro de ficción y dirá: “divertido, aunque falso”. Un fanático al cerrar un libro académico dirá: “preocupante que quien lea esto tenga poder porque sus acciones serán guiadas con mentiras”, mientras que al mismo tiempo aplauden las falacias del poder político. En conclusión, el problema nunca será la literatura, sea ficción o académica, sino la capacidad de quien la lee o la interpreta. Y la creación literaria estimula el acercamiento a una verdad, para quien la analiza o a una mentira a quien descarta el análisis. Adams J Ruiz. El editor.
Fallacies in the Development of Fiction. “You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” Attributed to Abraham Lincoln, though the author is believed to be unknown. The premise of fiction is that people allow themselves to be deceived in order to enjoy the texts; this does not mean that people are inherently foolish, in the sense that they lack the capacity for analysis. Nor should we forget that, in order to be accepted into a particular group, human beings are capable of setting aside their beliefs and even asserting lies, even when they know the truth. It is not a matter of self-esteem, but of fear of social isolation. Could a reputable economist or anthropologist claim that universities do not influence a people’s social, economic, and intellectual development? Historically, the institution of the university (in terms of knowledge) has been attacked when a group seeks to seize power. We cannot forget the book burnings by the Nazis, or the persecution of knowledge by various religious groups and dictatorships throughout world history, including the present day. However, we cannot generalize, since if we go back to the Library of Alexandria, the ruling power of the time did believe in the importance of knowledge for its development. A powerful nation is, in fact, one that uses knowledge for its own good or for the harm of neighboring peoples. In recent history, we recall the massive investment in intellectuals by the U.S. to build the atomic bomb to massacre a people, as a simple act of revenge. Just like the space race, a self-imposed challenge driven by pride and the desire to reinforce a national identity to control its citizens. As depicted in “1984” and “Brave New World,” there are two extremes: one of flooding people with knowledge to overwhelm them with a “circus” so they do not think, and the other of hiding information and subjugating a people by force. The assumption is that whoever controls information will hold great power. In Costa Rica, there are two entities responsible for providing knowledge: one is the Ministry of Public Education (MEP), controlled by political power; the other is the universities, with their autonomy. In the case of public universities, despite their budgetary shortcomings, they have taken a step closer to a utopia, because those who advance knowledge further are rewarded. At the MEP, a teacher with two master’s degrees and a doctorate is not highly valued, but in universities that knowledge is prized, as it implies greater knowledge transfer to students. And this is where the political establishment’s suspicion lies: in eliminating teachers’ motivation to grow in knowledge, for this will create a population that accepts the absurd. The absurdity lies in failing to acknowledge (as the numbers and history dictate) the impact that public universities have had on the country’s development. In other words, the argument is built on the fallacy that university professors’ salaries are the country’s problem, and it fails to consider that perhaps the country’s development would be greater if the intellectual growth of MEP teachers were incentivized through salaries (just as universities are), thereby improving the educational foundation of the population. When political power seeks dictatorial authority, it finds the shortest path to be designating universities (knowledge) and their army (the professors) as enemy number one, resorting to the fallacy of salaries while concealing the impact they have had on the country’s development. Fallacies are often used to mock those lacking in intellect, as Borges did when he said: “Soccer is popular because stupidity is popular.” There is no doubt that this is a fallacy, yet it is accepted as truth by the masses. This phrase by Borges could be called a “literary nano-essay.” Unlike the scientific essay, the literary essay focuses on a personal perspective; it shares an argumentative exposition but does not seek scientific rigor, so it could be a simple supposition without any real basis, or a hypothesis with strong foundations. In essence, a literary essay can be a simple opinion based on the author’s beliefs. Borges’s nano-essay has a very simple line of argument: “if ‘p’ then q,” so that if stupidity is popular, then soccer is popular. Upon deeper examination and comparison with a micro-story, there are elements the reader must be aware of, even if they are not mentioned. It becomes clear that there are two possible truths known to the reader: one is that “soccer is popular,” which can be scientifically validated with statistics; but one could equally argue that eating vegetables or fruit is popular, and statistics also validate that premise. The problem would be how to argue that eating vegetables or fruit is stupid. We can similarly conclude that attributing stupidity to soccer without substantial arguments is unreasonable. Yet at the same time, this attribution makes for a good literary essay, since it stems from personal opinion, in which the author seeks to ascribe a characteristic (stupidity) to soccer through a simple analogy, without providing an exhaustive argument. The skill of the literary essayist, like that of the fiction writer or poet, is to make their arguments believable, even if they are not real. In this way, we can see how Lewis Carroll makes it believable that a caterpillar could question existence, when it is most likely that no caterpillar even possesses consciousness. Borges’s nano-essay has another external element that gives it strength, and that is the author himself, since Borges is a renowned intellectual whose position of authority leads any fanatic to accept even his jokes as truth. The same goes for the phrase “I won’t back down, no matter how much the rectors’ henchmen scream, I won’t back down”; a double fallacy, since, when uttered by people with a certain political authority, it is falsely passed off as truth among their followers, and secondly, it takes on a mocking quality that strays from the line of argument and concludes nothing, and although it could be expanded upon in the style of Borges as follows: “... the political power shouts this to its henchmen,” it is not relevant to expand upon it, since discussions with empty content are unproductive, besides failing to provide literary richness as Borges’s does. And these two phrases additionally share an element: they are quickly identified as a fallacy by people with sufficient analytical capacity; just as the reader of Alice in Wonderland understands that this work is mere fiction and that in that space caterpillars can speak and think. Thus, literature and reality are separated by a thin line, with the difference that an analytical reader, upon closing a work of fiction, will say: “entertaining, though false.” A fanatic, upon closing an academic book, will say: “it is troubling that anyone who reads this holds power, because their actions will be guided by lies,” while at the same time applauding the fallacies of political power. In conclusion, the problem will never be literature, whether fiction or academic, but rather the capacity of the reader or interpreter. And literary creation encourages an approach to truth for those who analyze it, or to a lie for those who dismiss analysis. Adams J. Ruiz. The Editor.
Fallacies in the Development of Fiction. “You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” Attributed to Abraham Lincoln, though the author is believed to be unknown. The premise of fiction is that people allow themselves to be deceived in order to enjoy the texts; this does not mean that people are inherently foolish, in the sense that they lack the capacity for analysis. Nor should we forget that, in order to be accepted into a particular group, human beings are capable of setting aside their beliefs and even asserting lies, even when they know the truth. It is not a matter of self-esteem, but of fear of social isolation. Could a reputable economist or anthropologist claim that universities do not influence a people’s social, economic, and intellectual development? Historically, the institution of the university (in terms of knowledge) has been attacked when a group seeks to seize power. We cannot forget the book burnings by the Nazis, or the persecution of knowledge by various religious groups and dictatorships throughout world history, including the present day. However, we cannot generalize, since if we go back to the Library of Alexandria, the ruling power of the time did believe in the importance of knowledge for its development. A powerful nation is, in fact, one that uses knowledge for its own good or for the harm of neighboring peoples. In recent history, we recall the massive investment in intellectuals by the U.S. to build the atomic bomb to massacre a people, as a simple act of revenge. Just like the space race, a self-imposed challenge driven by pride and the desire to reinforce a national identity to control its citizens. As depicted in “1984” and “Brave New World,” there are two extremes: one of flooding people with knowledge to overwhelm them with a “circus” so they do not think, and the other of hiding information and subjugating a people by force. The assumption is that whoever controls information will hold great power. In Costa Rica, there are two entities responsible for providing knowledge: one is the Ministry of Public Education (MEP), controlled by political power; the other is the universities, with their autonomy. In the case of public universities, despite their budgetary shortcomings, they have taken a step closer to a utopia, because those who advance knowledge further are rewarded. At the MEP, a teacher with two master’s degrees and a doctorate is not highly valued, but in universities that knowledge is prized, as it implies greater knowledge transfer to students. And this is where the political establishment’s suspicion lies: in eliminating teachers’ motivation to grow in knowledge, for this will create a population that accepts the absurd. The absurdity lies in failing to acknowledge (as the numbers and history dictate) the impact that public universities have had on the country’s development. In other words, the argument is built on the fallacy that university professors’ salaries are the country’s problem, and it fails to consider that perhaps the country’s development would be greater if the intellectual growth of MEP teachers were incentivized through salaries (just as universities are), thereby improving the educational foundation of the population. When political power seeks dictatorial authority, it finds the shortest path to be designating universities (knowledge) and their army (the professors) as enemy number one, resorting to the fallacy of salaries while concealing the impact they have had on the country’s development. Fallacies are often used to mock those lacking in intellect, as Borges did when he said: “Soccer is popular because stupidity is popular.” There is no doubt that this is a fallacy, yet it is accepted as truth by the masses. This phrase by Borges could be called a “literary nano-essay.” Unlike the scientific essay, the literary essay focuses on a personal perspective; it shares an argumentative exposition but does not seek scientific rigor, so it could be a simple supposition without any real basis, or a hypothesis with strong foundations. In essence, a literary essay can be a simple opinion based on the author’s beliefs. Borges’s nano-essay has a very simple line of argument: “if ‘p’ then q,” so that if stupidity is popular, then soccer is popular. Upon deeper examination and comparison with a micro-story, there are elements the reader must be aware of, even if they are not mentioned. It becomes clear that there are two possible truths known to the reader: one is that “soccer is popular,” which can be scientifically validated with statistics; but one could equally argue that eating vegetables or fruit is popular, and statistics also validate that premise. The problem would be how to argue that eating vegetables or fruit is stupid. We can similarly conclude that attributing stupidity to soccer without substantial arguments is unreasonable. Yet at the same time, this attribution makes for a good literary essay, since it stems from personal opinion, in which the author seeks to ascribe a characteristic (stupidity) to soccer through a simple analogy, without providing an exhaustive argument. The skill of the literary essayist, like that of the fiction writer or poet, is to make their arguments believable, even if they are not real. In this way, we can see how Lewis Carroll makes it believable that a caterpillar could question existence, when it is most likely that no caterpillar even possesses consciousness. Borges’s nano-essay has another external element that gives it strength, and that is the author himself, since Borges is a renowned intellectual whose position of authority leads any fanatic to accept even his jokes as truth. The same goes for the phrase “I won’t back down, no matter how much the rectors’ henchmen scream, I won’t back down”; a double fallacy, since, when uttered by people with a certain political authority, it is falsely passed off as truth among their followers, and secondly, it takes on a mocking quality that strays from the line of argument and concludes nothing, and although it could be expanded upon in the style of Borges as follows: “... the political power shouts this to its henchmen,” it is not relevant to expand upon it, since discussions with empty content are unproductive, besides failing to provide literary richness as Borges’s does. And these two phrases additionally share an element: they are quickly identified as a fallacy by people with sufficient analytical capacity; just as the reader of Alice in Wonderland understands that this work is mere fiction and that in that space caterpillars can speak and think. Thus, literature and reality are separated by a thin line, with the difference that an analytical reader, upon closing a work of fiction, will say: “entertaining, though false.” A fanatic, upon closing an academic book, will say: “it is troubling that anyone who reads this holds power, because their actions will be guided by lies,” while at the same time applauding the fallacies of political power. In conclusion, the problem will never be literature, whether fiction or academic, but rather the capacity of the reader or interpreter. And literary creation encourages an approach to truth for those who analyze it, or to a lie for those who dismiss analysis. Adams J. Ruiz. The Editor.
Descripción
Contiene los ganadores de cuento y poesía del certamen 2023
Palabras clave
POESÍA COSTARRICENSE, CUENTOS COSTARRICENSES, LITERATURA COSTARRICENSE, PÉREZ ZELEDÓN (SAN JOSÉ), COSTARICAN POETRY, COSTARICAN SHORT STORIES, COSTARICAN LITERATURE
