“Determinación de la ecotoxicidad de aguas residuales para la gestión de calidad de las descargas de una planta de tratamiento residencial como caso de estudio en San Rafael de Heredia, Costa Rica”
Fecha
2024-02
Autores
Villegas Ramírez, Génesis María
Aguilar Herrera, Mary Cruz
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Resumen
El presente proyecto aborda la determinación de la ecotoxicidad de las aguas residuales
domiciliares, como herramienta potencial para la gestión de la calidad de las descargas de una
planta de tratamiento residencial como caso de estudio en San Rafael de Heredia, Costa Rica. La
aplicación de bioensayos de toxicidad en aguas residuales, mediante la exposición de organismos
representativos del ecosistema acuático, permiten determinar el potencial tóxico de los efluentes
de una planta de tratamiento, y con ello generar información base para una adecuada gestión de
las descargas. A partir de su uso en el manejo se pueden proteger a los ecosistemas, sus organismos
y la salud humana de los efectos negativos que pueden causar las sustancias tóxicas.
En este estudio, se realizó una recopilación previa de información característica de la
operabilidad de una Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales domiciliares (PTAR). Se
seleccionaron y cultivaron tres organismos representativos del ecosistema acuático como
organismos de prueba para bioensayos: una hidra, un crustáceo y una planta acuática. Se realizaron
cuatro muestreos de las descargas de la PTAR durante dos meses, y se ejecutaron pruebas de
toxicidad aguda durante cada muestreo utilizando las tres especies. Se determinaron los
porcentajes de toxicidad de los efluentes a partir de los resultados de las pruebas realizadas. Se
llevó a cabo la estimación de posibles riesgos en el ecosistema acuático considerando las sustancias
comúnmente utilizadas en los hogares, y finalmente fueron examinadas las posibles necesidades
de gestión en conjunto con gestores del agua en el caso de estudio.
Los porcentajes de las pruebas aplicadas a la especie Hydra viridissima (Cnidaria)
resultaron en una afectación nula (0%) durante los cuatro muestreos por parte de las aguas a
diferentes concentraciones sobre los organismos vivos los cuales no presentaron algún cambio
morfológico ni mortalidad al ser expuestos. El organismo Macrothrix elegans fue el más sensible
ante la exposición a los efluentes resultando el porcentaje más alto durante el segundo muestreo
con un valor de 20% de mortalidad de la muestra sobre este organismo acuático. Los resultados de
las pruebas aplicadas a la planta acuática Lemna minor mostraron una variación de efectos
inhibitorios y estimulantes del crecimiento, demostrando que para algunas concentraciones
específicas el agua residual favorece el crecimiento de este productor primario.
Los parámetros fisicoquímicos de los efluentes de la planta de tratamiento durante el
periodo de estudio se encontraron dentro del rango establecido en la legislación nacional. El
tratamiento de las aguas residuales disminuye considerablemente la carga tóxica de las descargas,
sin embargo, en los efluentes aún existe presencia de contaminantes emergentes con potencial
tóxico sobre algunos organismos acuáticos. Los resultados de las pruebas con Lemna minor indican
presencia de nutrientes en los efluentes que estimulan su producción de biomasa.
This project addresses the determination of the ecotoxicity of domestic wastewater as a potential tool for managing the quality of discharges from a residential treatment plant as a case study in San Rafael de Heredia, Costa Rica. The application of toxicity bioassays in wastewater, through the exposure of representative organisms of the aquatic ecosystem, allows the toxic potential of the effluents of a treatment plant to be determined, and thereby generate base information for adequate management of discharges. Through its use in management, ecosystems, their organisms and human health can be protected from the negative effects that toxic substances can cause. In this study, a prior collection of characteristic information on the operability of a domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was carried out. Three representative organisms of the aquatic ecosystem were selected and cultured as test organisms for bioassays: a hydra, a crustacean, and an aquatic plant. Four samplings of WWTP discharges were carried out over two months and acute toxicity tests were run during each sampling using the three species. The toxicity percentages of the effluents were determined from the results of the tests carried out. The estimation of possible risks in the aquatic ecosystem was carried out considering the substances commonly used in homes and finally the possible management needs were examined in conjunction with water managers in the case study. The percentages of the tests applied to the species Hydra viridissima (Cnidaria) resulted in zero affectation (0%) during the four samplings by the waters at different concentrations on the living organisms which did not present any morphological change or mortality when being exposed. The organism Macrothrix elegans was the most sensitive to exposure to effluents, resulting in the highest percentage during the second sampling with a value of 20% mortality of the sample on this aquatic organism. The results of the tests applied to the aquatic plant Lemna minor showed a variation of inhibition and stimulation of reproduction, demonstrating that for some specific concentrations the wastewater favors the growth of this primary producer. The physicochemical parameters of the treatment plant effluents during the study period were within the range established in national legislation. The treatment of wastewater considerably reduces the toxic load of the discharges, however, in the effluents there is still the presence of emerging contaminants with toxic potential for some aquatic organisms. The results of the tests with Lemna minor indicate the presence of nutrients in the effluents that stimulate its biomass production.
This project addresses the determination of the ecotoxicity of domestic wastewater as a potential tool for managing the quality of discharges from a residential treatment plant as a case study in San Rafael de Heredia, Costa Rica. The application of toxicity bioassays in wastewater, through the exposure of representative organisms of the aquatic ecosystem, allows the toxic potential of the effluents of a treatment plant to be determined, and thereby generate base information for adequate management of discharges. Through its use in management, ecosystems, their organisms and human health can be protected from the negative effects that toxic substances can cause. In this study, a prior collection of characteristic information on the operability of a domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was carried out. Three representative organisms of the aquatic ecosystem were selected and cultured as test organisms for bioassays: a hydra, a crustacean, and an aquatic plant. Four samplings of WWTP discharges were carried out over two months and acute toxicity tests were run during each sampling using the three species. The toxicity percentages of the effluents were determined from the results of the tests carried out. The estimation of possible risks in the aquatic ecosystem was carried out considering the substances commonly used in homes and finally the possible management needs were examined in conjunction with water managers in the case study. The percentages of the tests applied to the species Hydra viridissima (Cnidaria) resulted in zero affectation (0%) during the four samplings by the waters at different concentrations on the living organisms which did not present any morphological change or mortality when being exposed. The organism Macrothrix elegans was the most sensitive to exposure to effluents, resulting in the highest percentage during the second sampling with a value of 20% mortality of the sample on this aquatic organism. The results of the tests applied to the aquatic plant Lemna minor showed a variation of inhibition and stimulation of reproduction, demonstrating that for some specific concentrations the wastewater favors the growth of this primary producer. The physicochemical parameters of the treatment plant effluents during the study period were within the range established in national legislation. The treatment of wastewater considerably reduces the toxic load of the discharges, however, in the effluents there is still the presence of emerging contaminants with toxic potential for some aquatic organisms. The results of the tests with Lemna minor indicate the presence of nutrients in the effluents that stimulate its biomass production.
Descripción
Palabras clave
HIDROLOGIA, AGUAS RESIDUALES, ECOSISTEMAS ACUATICOS, TOXICIDAD, SUSTANCIAS TÓXICAS, SAN RAFAEL (HEREDIA), COSTA RICA, WASTEWATER, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, TOXICITY, TOXIC SUBSTANCES