Análisis de la incorporación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en los Planes de Desarrollo Humano Local en Costa Rica, periodo 2016-2018
Fecha
2020-06
Autores
Vargas Méndez, Monserrat
Li Acuña, Vivian
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente documento es el resultado de una investigación sobre la inserción de los
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas
(ONU) en los Planes de Desarrollo Humano Local, cuyo propósito se basó en analizar el
enfoque, las metodologías y estrategias de planificación local frente a la responsabilidad de
seguir un determinado modelo de desarrollo nacional.
En este sentido, se expone el dilema de las municipalidades en cómo resuelven los
problemas sociales, económicos y ambientales de su respectivo territorio, en este caso,
mediante el diseño de los Planes de Desarrollo Humano Local (PDHL) incorporando los
ODS.
La selección de 15 municipalidades, distribuidas en las siete provincias del país, representa
la evidencia que el área de planificación municipal juega un papel central en la discusión
sobre las estrategias y respuestas de la incorporación de los ODS en la planificación local
de largo plazo.
El desconocimiento de lo que representa el desarrollo sostenible en el marco de los ODS
refleja el escaso acompañamiento de actores estratégicos para la alineación de tratados
internacionales hasta las áreas locales. Por tanto, se analiza cómo la planificación,
traducida en instrumentos de largo plazo, pueden incursionar en incorporar perspectivas de
desarrollo nacional, pero respondiendo a las necesidades presentes y futuras de los
municipios.
Principalmente, porque existe la retórica de implementar reformas globales a visiones de
desarrollo locales, lo que refleja complejas relaciones de poder e interacción con el medio
y los seres humanos. Lo que ha generado que, en los últimos años, se presente un mayor
interés y toma de conciencia en los retos que presenta el mundo en cuanto a cubrir las
necesidades de nuevas fuentes de alimentos, materias primas y nuevos espacios
geográficos para la ubicación de grupos poblacionales.
Según el Pacto Nacional por los ODS firmado, los gobiernos locales tienen la
responsabilidad de velar desde su autonomía por el cumplimiento del compromiso
internacional. No obstante, la evidencia empírica acumulada por los últimos 40 años indica
que los procesos de planificación de largo plazo del Estado han sido relegados en un
segundo plano, de ahí los inconvenientes en la resolución de problemáticas como las altas
tasas de pobreza, desigualdad, ordenamiento territorial, entre otros.
4
Esta cultura dominante, en el ámbito mundial, se ha enmarcado en el ejercicio hegemónico
del consenso de las grandes mayorías. Pero sin duda, actualmente, el neoliberalismo, en
su base teórica, se encuentra amenazado. Por consiguiente, estos mismos pensamientos
presentan una metodología que es traducida por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas
enfocada a esta estrategia de desarrollo sostenible llamada Objetivos de Desarrollo
Sostenible. Sin embargo, otros autores plantean que el mundo se encuentra ante una
necesidad urgente, teórica y crítica del desarrollo dirigido a la “racionalidad reproductiva”,
la cual orientaría a una visión de práctica económica en correspondencia con las
condiciones de posibilidad para la reproducción de la vida humana, y, por tanto, de la
naturaleza.
Aún persiste la desigualdad de género, existen grandes brechas entre los hogares más
pobres y los más ricos, entre zonas rurales y zonas urbanas, el cambio climático ha
aumentado y la degradación ambiental cada vez es mayor, de ello las personas pobres son
quienes más sufren de estas afectaciones ambientales, los conflictos siguen siendo la
mayor amenaza al desarrollo humano y millones de personas todavía viven en pobreza con
hambre y sin acceso a los servicios básicos (MIDEPLAN, 2015).
Es decir, son muchos los retos y respuestas; sin embargo, las preguntas que surgen en
este contexto son ¿cómo se expresan realmente esas discusiones nacionales en el ámbito
local y cómo los gobiernos locales resuelven esos problemas? Además, ¿cómo y por qué
los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible suponen una mejora o no de las condiciones
anteriormente citadas?
Así, la planificación es utilizada como herramienta significativa en la construcción de
instrumentos dirigidos a un modelo de desarrollo que se ve exigido a responder las
necesidades de los procesos volátiles en un mundo de crecimiento económico, relaciones
sociales y naturales cada vez de mayor incertidumbre. Es por ello que esta investigación
analiza, desde la disciplina de la planificación, los enfoques, estrategias e instrumentos que
se han utilizado para esta implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
Si bien no se trata de un estudio sobre las características del desarrollo, incorpora
estrategias municipales y su operacionalización en la planificación. Por tanto, este proceso
inserta retos fundamentales a lo sostenible de la conservación de la biodiversidad y los
equilibrios ecológicos del planeta; la democracia, la participación social y la diversidad
cultural; el conocimiento, la educación, la capacitación y la información de la ciudadanía.
De tal manera que la concepción del Estado, dentro de esta dinámica, no solo se centra en
su función de gobernar, sino más bien de su facultad para legitimar las acciones de los
distintos actores de la sociedad.
This document is the result of an investigation into the insertion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations Organization (UN) in the Local Human Development Plans, whose purpose was based on analyzing the local planning approach, methodologies and strategies against the responsibility of follow a certain model of national development. In this sense, the dilemma of the municipalities is exposed in how they solve the social, economic and environmental problems of their respective territory, in this case, through the design of Local Human Development Plans (PDHL) incorporating the ODS. The selection of 15 municipalities, distributed in the seven provinces of the country, represents the evidence that the municipal planning area plays a central role in the discussion on strategies and responses to mainstreaming the SDGs in local planning long term. Ignorance of what sustainable development represents within the framework of the SDGs reflects the scarce support of strategic actors for the alignment of treaties international to local areas. Therefore, it is analyzed how planning, translated into long-term instruments, they can venture into incorporating perspectives of national development, but responding to the present and future needs of the municipalities. Mainly, because there is the rhetoric of implementing global reforms to visions of local development, reflecting complex power relations and interaction with the environment and humans. What has generated that, in recent years, there is a greater interest and awareness of the challenges that the world presents in terms of covering the needs for new sources of food, raw materials and new spaces geographic locations for the location of population groups. According to the signed National Agreement for the SDGs, local governments have the responsibility to ensure, from their autonomy, the fulfillment of the commitment international. However, the empirical evidence accumulated over the last 40 years indicates that the State's long-term planning processes have been relegated to a second plane, hence the drawbacks in solving problems such as high poverty rates, inequality, land use planning, among others. 4 This dominant culture, in the world arena, has been framed in the hegemonic exercise of the consensus of the great majorities. But no doubt, neoliberalism today, in its theoretical basis is threatened. Therefore, these same thoughts present a methodology that is translated by the United Nations Organization focused on this sustainable development strategy called Development Goals Sustainable. However, other authors argue that the world is facing a urgent, theoretical and critical need for development aimed at “reproductive rationality”, which would guide a vision of economic practice in correspondence with the conditions of possibility for the reproduction of human life, and therefore of the nature. Gender inequality still persists, there are large gaps between the most poor and richest, between rural and urban areas, climate change has increased and environmental degradation is increasing, of which poor people are those who suffer most from these environmental impacts, conflicts continue to be the greatest threat to human development and millions of people still live in poverty with hunger and without access to basic services (MIDEPLAN, 2015). In other words, there are many challenges and answers; However, the questions that arise in This context is how are these national discussions really expressed in the field local and how do local governments solve those problems? Also, how and why the Sustainable Development Goals imply an improvement or not of the conditions previously cited? Thus, planning is used as a significant tool in the construction of instruments aimed at a development model that is required to respond to the needs of volatile processes in a world of economic growth, relationships social and natural conditions of increasing uncertainty. That is why this research analyzes, from the discipline of planning, the approaches, strategies and instruments that have been used for this implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. Although it is not a study on the characteristics of development, it incorporates municipal strategies and their operationalization in planning. Therefore, this process introduces fundamental challenges to the sustainability of the conservation of biodiversity and ecological balances of the planet; democracy, social participation and diversity cultural; knowledge, education, training and information of the citizens
This document is the result of an investigation into the insertion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations Organization (UN) in the Local Human Development Plans, whose purpose was based on analyzing the local planning approach, methodologies and strategies against the responsibility of follow a certain model of national development. In this sense, the dilemma of the municipalities is exposed in how they solve the social, economic and environmental problems of their respective territory, in this case, through the design of Local Human Development Plans (PDHL) incorporating the ODS. The selection of 15 municipalities, distributed in the seven provinces of the country, represents the evidence that the municipal planning area plays a central role in the discussion on strategies and responses to mainstreaming the SDGs in local planning long term. Ignorance of what sustainable development represents within the framework of the SDGs reflects the scarce support of strategic actors for the alignment of treaties international to local areas. Therefore, it is analyzed how planning, translated into long-term instruments, they can venture into incorporating perspectives of national development, but responding to the present and future needs of the municipalities. Mainly, because there is the rhetoric of implementing global reforms to visions of local development, reflecting complex power relations and interaction with the environment and humans. What has generated that, in recent years, there is a greater interest and awareness of the challenges that the world presents in terms of covering the needs for new sources of food, raw materials and new spaces geographic locations for the location of population groups. According to the signed National Agreement for the SDGs, local governments have the responsibility to ensure, from their autonomy, the fulfillment of the commitment international. However, the empirical evidence accumulated over the last 40 years indicates that the State's long-term planning processes have been relegated to a second plane, hence the drawbacks in solving problems such as high poverty rates, inequality, land use planning, among others. 4 This dominant culture, in the world arena, has been framed in the hegemonic exercise of the consensus of the great majorities. But no doubt, neoliberalism today, in its theoretical basis is threatened. Therefore, these same thoughts present a methodology that is translated by the United Nations Organization focused on this sustainable development strategy called Development Goals Sustainable. However, other authors argue that the world is facing a urgent, theoretical and critical need for development aimed at “reproductive rationality”, which would guide a vision of economic practice in correspondence with the conditions of possibility for the reproduction of human life, and therefore of the nature. Gender inequality still persists, there are large gaps between the most poor and richest, between rural and urban areas, climate change has increased and environmental degradation is increasing, of which poor people are those who suffer most from these environmental impacts, conflicts continue to be the greatest threat to human development and millions of people still live in poverty with hunger and without access to basic services (MIDEPLAN, 2015). In other words, there are many challenges and answers; However, the questions that arise in This context is how are these national discussions really expressed in the field local and how do local governments solve those problems? Also, how and why the Sustainable Development Goals imply an improvement or not of the conditions previously cited? Thus, planning is used as a significant tool in the construction of instruments aimed at a development model that is required to respond to the needs of volatile processes in a world of economic growth, relationships social and natural conditions of increasing uncertainty. That is why this research analyzes, from the discipline of planning, the approaches, strategies and instruments that have been used for this implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. Although it is not a study on the characteristics of development, it incorporates municipal strategies and their operationalization in planning. Therefore, this process introduces fundamental challenges to the sustainability of the conservation of biodiversity and ecological balances of the planet; democracy, social participation and diversity cultural; knowledge, education, training and information of the citizens
Descripción
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DESARROLLO HUMANO, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, PLANES DE DESARROLLO, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, PLANIFICACIÓN, PLANNING