UNA praxis agrícola, dialógica y ecosistémica

Abstract

En Costa Rica, la producción de hortalizas se ha intensificado en las últimas décadas por el uso de paquetes tecnológicos (fertilizantes y plaguicidas sintéticos) en monocultivos. Este modelo ha sostenido la producción en Zarcero, cantón que provee productos vegetales al Valle Central. Sin embargo, estudios realizados por el Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET) han revelado resultados preocu pantes sobre el uso de plaguicidas y sus efectos negativos en el ambiente y en la salud de las personas. Como respuesta a esta problemática se inició en el 2018 un proyecto con la participación del IRET, de la Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y de la División de Educación Rural, cuyo objetivo es “promover un modelo alternativo en la producción agrícola mediante trabajo colaborativo, diálogo de saberes y la construcción social del conocimiento para disminuir el uso de agroquímicos en Zarcero, Alajuela”. En el proyecto se han desarrollado actividades con 1) equipo académico nacional e internacional, 2) personas agricultoras y sus familias, 3) escolares. El primer paso del proyecto ha consistido en la conformación de un equipo donde sus integrantes desa rrollen: a) un marco teórico-político de referencia común, b) una mirada interdiscipli naria para analizar-trabajar-transformar la realidad y c) un tejido afectivo para favo recer entendimientos y desde ahí mancomunar metas. Para lograrlo, se han realizado: a) círculos de estudio, b) trabajo de campo, c) intercambio de saberes en el ámbito nacional e internacional, d) producción educativa agrícola modular y e) la articulación con la docencia, la investigación y la producción. Además, se ha posicionado la agro ecología en las agendas políticas institucional, local, regional y nacional y en algunos territorios internacionales del continente. Desde el trabajo académico tejido en el proyecto se ha aprendido a ser y a hacer “uni versidad necesaria”, ya que las universidades requieren legitimarse en el país, por lo que se ha propuesto, para recuperar la confianza de las personas agricultoras y sus familias, gestar espacios de acercamiento para contextualizar conjuntamente y reflexionar sobre la problemática agrícola, revitalizar saberes locales y obtener insumos para la escritura de documentos educativos con enfoque sociocrítico desde la educación popular.

Costa Rica has intensified vegetable production by implementing monocultures managed with technological packages (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides). This model has sustained production in Zarcero, a municipality that supplies fresh vegetables to Costa Rica’s capital and surroundings. However, investigations developed by the Regional Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET) have revealed concerning information on pesticide use regime in the area and associated adverse effects on the environment and health of inhabitants. In response to this problem, IRET, the School of Agricultural Sciences, and the Division of Rural Education launched a project in 2018. The project’s primary aim was “to promote an alternative model for agricultural production through collaborative work, social sharing and construction of knowledge, in order to reduce the use of agrochemicals in Zarcero, Alajuela.” The project included activities developed by academic groups, farmers and their families, and school children. The academic groups worked to carry out the following activities: a) a theoretical-political framework of common reference; b) an interdisciplinary perspective to design work strategies based on analysis to transform actual situations; and c) good collaborative relationships, and from there to pool goals. Achieving these activities needed executing other ones: a) study circles; b) fieldwork; c) knowledge exchange processes at the national and international level; d) the production of educational written materials for farmers; and e) articulation of the previous activities with teaching, research, and production activities. In addition, agroecology has been positioned in the institutional, local, regional, and national political agendas and in some international territories. From the academic work produced in the project, we have learned to be and do “Necessary University” since public universities need to legitimize themselves in the country. Therefore, we proposed to regain the trust of farmers and their families by creating spaces for rapprochement to contextualize and reflect on agricultural problems jointly, revitalize local knowledge, obtain inputs for the writing of educational documents with a socio-critical approach from popular education. As a result, it has been possible to “sow” the idea of change in some farmers; spaces for exchange between local farmers and farmers from other municipalities have been created. Small children are a driving force for change in homes; so, we have actively worked with them guided by critical pedagogy and carrying out collaborative school-family-community work. Moreover, it has been possible to politicize the national events, re-signifying the farmer’s knowledge and diversifying the learning scenarios. In conclusion, we consider that academic work linked to real situations enables improvement processes in the productive agricultural life of the communities and enriches teaching, research, extension, and writing in the public university. All these activities stimulate the social sharing of knowledge that links local knowledge to the academic one generated in universities, promotes unlearning of the traditional manner of “building university,” and contributes to reflection anchored to the biocentric approach. The present work provides ideas for the construction of a university extension policy. It contributes to developing a work process to understand better the link that university life should have with the daily needs of communities and the processes of improving farming-socio-community life.