Artículos científicos
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Ítem What do Chilean and Costa Rican psychologists believe and advise about parenting?(Universidad de Costa Rica, 2017-11-06) Castro-Carrasco, Pablo Javier; Alaniz Flores, Paz Belén; Carmona Cortés, Daniela Marisol; Pizarro Rojas, Tatiana Paulina; Soto Fernández, Camila Monserrat; Fuster, TamaraThis research investigates the subjective theories of 12 Chilean and Costa Rican psychologists who work with children, with the purpose of describing and interpreting their explanations about child rearing. Episodic interviews wereused and analyzed using a Grounded Theory model. The interviewees point out that they use their own experience andbeliefs when advising parents. Results indicated that, according to the interviewees, the topics most frequently consulted byparents were children’s high impulsivity and disciplining. The interviewees believe the most common parenting styles are theauthoritarian and the permissive ones, the latter being associated with parents’ fear and anxiety.Ítem Barriers to and Suggestions for a Healthful, Active Lifestyle as Perceived by Rural and Urban Costa Rican Adolescents(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2009) Monge-Rojas, Rafael; Garita Arce, Carlos; Sánchez López, Marta; Colón Ramos, UriyoánAn inactive lifestyle is considered one of the leading causes of obesity and other chronic diseases.1 An active lifestyle, in contrast, is a broad concept that incorporates exercise, recreational activities, household and occupational activities, and active transportation.2 Although establishing an active lifestyle early in life may promote improved health and quality of life in adulthood,3 several studies have shown that physical activity starts declining early in the adolescent years4,5 and continues to decline throughout the life span.6,7 This study aims to expand knowledge of what barriers and motivators may contribute to this decline in physical activity, particularly in the adolescent years. There is a critical need for understanding the factors related to the adoption of a healthful, active lifestyle in the adolescent population. This issue has remarkable importance in Latin America, where the adolescent population (10-19 years of age) represents a significant proportion of the general population (on average 21%), and where very little is known about barriers and motivators to an active lifestyle. Specifically, in Costa Rica more than 50% of adolescents have been found to be at risk of inactive lifestyles, as defined by low cardiovascular fitness.8 The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and chronic diseases in many Latin American countries represents an unprecedented public health challenge that must be addressed from the prevention standpoint.9 Developing strategies to encourage an active lifestyle among adolescents may contribute to reducing the prevalence of chronic disease in these countries. This study assessed the perceptions of rural and urban Costa Rican adolescents regarding which factors affect their adoption of a healthful, active lifestyle and explores their suggestions to encourage the adoption of such a lifestyleÍtem The influence of gender stereotypes on eating habits among Costa Rican adolescents(American Journal of Health Promotion, 2015-05-01) Monge-Rojas, Rafael; Fuster, Tamara; Sánchez López, Marta; Garita, Carlos; Smith-Castro, Vanesa; Valverde-Cerros, Oscar; Colon-Ramos, UriyoánPurpose. To identify the influence of gender stereotypes on eating habits among Costa Rican adolescents. Design. Qualitative, descriptive research was used in this study. Setting. Adolescents and parents were recruited from socioeconomically diverse populations in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica. Subjects. Subjects were 92 adolescents (14 to 17 years old) and 48 parents. Methods. Focus group data were transcribed and entered into the qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti version 5.0. Analyses were grounded on the social cognitive theory. Results. Five themes emerged from the focus group discussions: (1) Costa Rican adolescents associate the consumption of moderate quantities of healthy foods with femininity and male homosexuality. (2) The consumption of hearty portions of nonhealthy foods was associated with masculinity and male heterosexuality. (3) There is an emerging view that it is acceptable for heterosexual male adolescents to take care of their bodies through healthy eating. (4) Body care among female adolescents is an element of femininity and body image. (5) Parents reinforce their daughters' persistent concern with weight control because they perceive it as feminine behavior. Conclusion. Health promoters should be aware of the existing and changing food stereotypes around gender as an avenue for the promotion of healthy eating.Ítem Testing a proactive model of successful aging among older adults in Costa Rica and Spain(SAGE Publications, 2021-07-01) Blanco-Molina, Mauricio; PINAZO-HERNANDIS, SACRAMENTO; Montoro Rodriguez, Julian; Tomas, Jose ManuelThe purpose of this study is to examine successful aging among Spanish-speaking older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain using the proactive framework proposed by Kahana et al. (2014). More specifically, we hypothesized that older adults’ life satisfaction would be positively associated with the frequency and perceived level of social support, spirituality/having purpose in life, and the use of proactive physical, cognitive, and social self-care behaviors. Our results confirmed these hypotheses, not only for the overall group of participants, but also separately for older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain. The present study contributes to the literature of successful aging among older adults, by examining the protective factors associated with life satisfaction among Spanish speaking older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain. It identifies specific protective factors (spirituality/purpose in life, social support, and self-care) associated with the values and preferences held by participants in the study.Ítem Photosynthetic responses to temperature of two tropical rainforest tree species from Costa Rica(Springer Verlag, 2013-04-16) Vargas G., German; Cordero Solórzano, Roberto A.Annual mean temperature increases will cause alterations in many ecosystem processes, which affect plants given their physiological sensitivity to temperature. That is closely related with plant growing conditions, genotype and plasticity. We studied the photosynthetic responses to instantaneous temperature changes and functional leaf traits in two tropical tree species associated with different successional positions, Zygia longifolia (early successional) and Dipteryx oleifera (late successional), in the northern lowlands of Costa Rica. As a whole, we found two different strategies to avoid temperature stress: one reducing WUE (Z. longifolia), and the other one increasing metabolic rates (D. oleifera). However, the ability to withstand stressful situations may, in a larger context, negatively affect ecosystem water and carbon fluxes. Also, functional plasticity in response to temperature changes may relatively affect the ecosystem by causing long-term variations in their representation within the complex diversity mosaic of their forest habitats.Ítem Influence of sensory and cultural perceptions of white rice, brown rice and beans by Costa Rican adults in their dietary choices(ELSEVIER, 2014-10-01) Monge-Rojas, Rafael; Mattei, Josiemer; Fuster, Tamara; Willet, Walter; Campos, HanniaLittle is known about the distinct perceptions towards rice and beans that may shape the consumption of these main staple foods among Costa Ricans. We aimed to identify barriers and motivators that could change the current staple into a healthier one, and assess the sensory perceptions of these foods in this population. Focus group discussions and sensory tastings of 8 traditional white or brown rice and beans preparations were conducted in 98 Costa Ricans, aged 40-65 years. Traditional habits and family support emerged as the two main drivers for current consumption. Consuming similar amounts of rice and beans, as well as unfamiliarity with brown rice, are habits engrained in the Costa Rican culture, and are reinforced in the family and community environment. Suggested strategies for consuming more brown rice and more beans included introducing them during childhood, disseminating information of their health benefits that take into account the importance of tradition, lowering the cost, increasing availability, engaging women as agents of change and for brown rice masking the perceived unpleasant sensory characteristics by incorporating them into mixed dishes. Plain brown rice received the lowest mean hedonic liking scores. The preparations rated highest for pleasant were the beans: rice 1:1 ratio regardless of the type of rice. This study identified novel strategies to motivate Costa Rican adults to adapt their food choices into healthier ones within their cultural and sensory acceptability. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.Ítem Decolonizing psychological science: introduction to the special thematic section(Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2015-08-21) Adams, Glenn; Dobles Oropeza, Ignacio; Gómez Ordóñez, Luis H.; Kurtis, Tugce; Molina, Ludwin E.Moved by mounting concerns about ongoing forms of multiple oppression (including racialized violence, economic injustice, unsustainable over-development, and ecological damage), we proposed a special thematic section and issued a call for papers devoted to the topic of "decolonizing psychological science". In this introduction to the special section, we first discuss two perspectives—liberation psychology and cultural psychology—that have informed our approach to the topic. We then discuss manifestations of coloniality in psychological science and describe three approaches to decolonization—indigenization, accompaniment, and denaturalization—that emerge from contributions to the special section. We conclude with an invitation to readers to submit their own original contributions to an ongoing effort to create an online collection of digitally linked articles on the topic of decolonizing psychological science.Ítem Proceso de empoderamiento personal para mujeres en condiciones de violencia por parte de su pareja: una experiencia de extensión universitaria entretejiendo la docencia(Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 2020-11-12) Víquez Rojas, Celia Ma.; Cuyuch Artiga, Karla; Argüello Borbón, Natalia MaríaDurante el segundo ciclo del 2017, dentro del Programa de Promoción y Atención a la Salud: Aportes desde la Psicología, de la Escuela de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, se implementó una experiencia dirigida a contribuir con el empoderamiento personal de mujeres del cantón de Heredia, que viven o han vivido violencia por parte de su pareja. Esta experiencia permite reconocer cómo una práctica de extensión universitaria se vincula directamente con la docencia. La articulación de estos componentes facilita el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del estudiantado y atiende una necesidad concreta de la comunidad herediana en materia de salud. La violencia de género contra las mujeres por parte de sus parejas actualmente constituye un problema de salud pública que ha venido en aumento, y ante el que la academia y la psicología tienen un rol incuestionable para su estudio y disminución. A partir de este reconocimiento es que surge la iniciativa que se concreta con la implementación de un proceso guiado por una propuesta metodológica participativa, tipo taller, con enfoque género-sensitivo; construida y facilitada conjuntamente por dos estudiantes del curso Modelos de Intervención en Procesos Grupales, del último nivel de licenciatura de la carrera de Psicología, y la académica responsable de la actividad. El proceso de empoderamiento estuvo encaminado a la promoción, al desarrollo y al fortalecimiento de capacidades y habilidades psicosociales que les permitan a las mujeres participantes trabajar por una vida saludable, libre de violencia. Esta experiencia facilitó cambios significativos en las creencias acerca del rol tradicional femenino, de su lugar en la relación de pareja; contribuyó con la resignificación de sus experiencias de violencia, valorando sus aciertos y reconociendo sus retos, y también favoreció la toma de decisiones y la responsabilidad sobre su estabilidad emocional.Ítem Reflexiones acerca del trabajo con organizaciones populares y diagnóstico de los sectores sociales. Una experiencia en una zona urbano-empobrecida(Editorial de la Universidad Nacional, 1991-12) Mondol Velázquez, JalimaMuchas son los esfuerzos que están siendo dirigidos a procurar el desarrollo autogestionario de los sectores populares. Sin embargo, no existe aún criterios unificados que posibiliten algunas líneas de consenso-estratégico que contribuyan a la acción efectiva y permanente de estos grupos. El abrir espacios de intercambio no sólo entre los académicos comprometidos con este tipo de luchas, sino también «entre» y "con" los sujetos protagónicos es una forma de ir creando estrategias de acción conjunta que brinden un aporte significativo a estos procesos. Producto de este interés central, se circunscribe el presente artículo. Creo oportuno convenir con los lectores, que no se trata de una exposición detallada y lineal de la experiencia que se está desarrollando en Sagrada Familia, sino más bien la reflexión de algunos ejes temáticos que contribuyan a establecer lineamientos de integración del trabajo con organizaciones populares. Desde este punto de vista, un primer aspecto que vale la pena resaltar es la ubicación dinámica de los sectores sociales estratégicos, con los cuales estamos trabajando. Los barrios pobres urbanos no son unidades sociales homogéneas, en donde viven inmensas familias con los mismos intereses y problemas. Los estudios realizados demuestran más bien una acentuada heterogeneidad social, derivada especialmente del tipo de inserción laboral, de la historia de cada grupo o núcleo social y de un sinnúmero de problemas específicos muchas veces producidos por el lugar espacial que ocupan.Ítem Tolerancia y paz: un proyecto de todos(Editorial de la Universidad Nacional, 2005-12) Salas Guzmán, NataliaTodas las personas que habitamos este planeta tenemos la responsabilidad y la obligación de educamos y educar a las generaciones venideras, para el desarrollo de una conciencia común que propicie la interdependencia y la sensibilidad hacia un ambiente sociocultural y natural más saludable y equitativo. Se requiere la aplicación de normas que, sin oprimir, permitan disfrutar plenamente de los derechos humanos. Se requiere de un cambio de acciones concretas y pasos definidos. Vivir es convivir yeso significa construir comunidad. Significa ser con otro; significa compartir la vida, cooperar y ser solidarios. A convivir, a tolerar y a fomentar paz se aprende, con el ejemplo, con los modelos y con la experiencia plena de aprender haciendo.Ítem Aprender a construir en conjunto un modelo de intervención comunitaria(Editorial de la Universidad Nacional, 2006-12) Flochova Luptákova, MonikaEl artículo expresa el camino recorrido por un grupo interdisciplinario de extensionistas en su mayoría mujeres, quienes se dieron a la tarea de desarrollar un modelo de intervención comunitario de naturaleza participativa. Se describen las diferentes etapas así como los objetivos alcanzados, los cuales derivan en aprendizajes valiosos para el trabajo en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud.Ítem How self-objectification impacts physical activity among adolescent girls in Costa Rica(Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2017) Fuster Barahona, Tamara; Monge Rojas, Rafael; Garita Arce, Carlos; Sánchez López, Marta; Colon Ramos, Uriyoán; Smith Castro, VanessaIn Latin America, more than 80% of adolescent girls are physically inactive. Inactivity may be reinforced by female stereotypes and objectification in the Latin American sociocultural context. Methods: We examined the influence of objectification on the adoption of an active lifestyle among 192 adolescents (14 and 17 years old) from urban and rural areas in Costa Rica. Analyses of 48 focus-groups sessions were grounded in Objectification Theory. Results: Vigorous exercises were gender-typed as masculine while girls had to maintain an aesthetic appearance at all times. Adolescents described how girls were anxious around the prospect of being shamed and sexually objectified during exercises. This contributed to a decrease in girls' desire to engage in physical activities. Among males, there is also a budding tolerance of female participation in vigorous sports, as long as girls maintained a feminine stereotype outside their participation. Conclusion: Self-objectification influenced Costa Rican adolescent girls' decisions to participate in physical activities. Interventions may include: procuring safe environments for physical activity where girls are protected from fear of ridicule and objectification; sensitizing boys about girl objectification and fostering the adoption of a modern positive masculine and female identities to encourage girls' participation in sports. © 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.