Examinando por Autor "Lundberg, Ingvar"

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Determinants of dermal exposure among Nicaraguan subsistence farmers during pesticide applications with backpack sprayers
(British Occupational Hygiene Society, 2005) Blanco, Luis; Aragón, Aurora; Lundberg, Ingvar; Lidén, Carola; Wesseling, Catharina; Nise, Gun
Identification of pesticide exposure determinants has become an issue in explaining exposure variability and improving control measures. Most studies have been conducted in industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to identify relevant dermal exposure determinants among Nicaraguan subsistence farmers. About the methods, Field data on possible determinants were collected during 32 pesticide applications through observation and supplementary videorecording. A multistep reduction strategy brought down the 110 potential exposure determinants to 27 variables, which were grouped as worksite, spray equipment, working practices, clothing or hygiene practices related. Dermal exposure was quantified with a modification of Fenske’s visual scoring method. Multivariate linear regression modeling within groups and across groups was performed. Among the main results are that in the within-group analyses, work practices, spray equipment and worksite related determinants explained 52, 33 and 25% of the exposure variability, respectively. Clothing and hygiene practices were weaker determinants and did not always reduce the exposure. The final model included determinants from all groups except hygiene practices and explained 69% of the exposure variability. A less restricted model increased the explained variability to 75%. Several novel determinants were identified, including spraying on a muddy terrain, dew on plants, sealing the tank lid with a cloth and wiping sweat from the face. Lastly in conclusions this study showed that a combination of observation and visual scoring techniques can provide valuable information on determinants of pesticide exposure and affected body parts under developing country conditions. The results could be used to develop jobspecific questionnaires and to design training and preventive programs.
Parental Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and the Risk of Childhood Leukemia in Costa Rica
(Scand J Work Environ Health, 2007-08-31) Monge, P; Wesseling, Catharina; Guardado, J; Lundberg, Ingvar; Ahlbom, Anders; Cantor, Kenneth P; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Partanen, Timo
Parental exposure to pesticides and the risk of leukemia in offspring were examined in a population based case–control study in Costa Rica. All cases of childhood leukemia (N=334), in 1995–2000, were identified at the Cancer Registry and the Children’s Hospital. Population controls (N=579) were drawn from the National Birth Registry. Interviews of parents were conducted using conventional and icon-based calendar forms. An exposure model was constructed for 25 pesticides in five time periods. Mothers’ exposures to any pesticides during the year before conception and during the first and second trimesters were associated with the risk [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0–5.9; OR 22, 95% CI 2.8–171.5; OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4–14.7, respectively] and during anytime (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.8). An association was found for fathers’ exposures to any pesticides during the second trimester (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.3). An increased risk with respect to organophosphates was found for mothers during the first trimester (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0–12.2) and for fathers during the year before conception and the first trimester (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.2 and OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.6, respectively), and benzimidazoles during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.4; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–5.0; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–5.2, respectively). There was a suggestion of an exposure–response gradient for fathers as regards picloram, benomyl, and paraquat. Age at diagnosis was positively associated with fathers’ exposures and inversely associated with mothers’ exposures. The results suggest that parental exposure to certain pesticides may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring.
The Determinants of Dermal Exposure Ranking Method (DERM): A Pesticide Exposure Assessment Approach for Developing Countries
(Oxford University Press, 2008-07-07) Blanco, Luis E.; Aragón, Aurora; Lundberg, Ingvar; Wesseling Hoogervors, Catharina; Nise, Gun
Anewmethod for assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides in subsistence farmers by use of determinants of dermal exposure is described. The method, called the determinants of dermal exposureranking method(DERM),isacombinationofchecklists andexpert ratingassessment. Thus, determinants are listed in a form, which is used to check their presence and to assess them using a simple algorithm based on two factors, the type of transport process (T value) and the area of body surface exposed (Avalue). In addition, the type of clothing worn during applications is included as a protection factor. We applied the DERM to real pesticide applications, characterizing dermal exposure and comparing DERM estimates with earlier developed semiquantitative visual scores based on fluorescent tracer, the total visual score (TVS) and contaminated body area (CBA). DERM showed avery good level of agreement with both the TVS (r 5 0.69; P 5 0.000) and the CBA (r 5 0.67; P 5 0.000). DERM allowed identification of the determinants that had the highest effect on exposure and the farmers with the highest exposure. In conclusion, DERM provided information on the determinants responsible for dermal exposure in a group of subsistence farmers. This can be useful to design monitoring and preventive programs, define priorities for intervention and prioritize and select most adequate measurementstrategies. DERM promises to be a low-cost easy-to-use method to assess dermal exposure to pesticides in developing country conditions.