Evaluación de las condiciones de salud ocupacional y propuestas de mejoras de tres sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales del cantón de Belén
Fecha
2022
Autores
Camacho Fidalgo, Ana Lía
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La operación de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales (STAR) es una actividad conlleva
riesgos laborales por posible exposición de agentes químicos, biológicos, físicos, psicosociales y
otros genéricos al personal involucrado en su operación y su supervisión. En el presente
proyecto se evaluó las condiciones de exposición ocupacional a varios estresores en tres
sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas del cantón de Belén. Los tres sistemas
son operados por una misma empresa de servicios de tratamiento en instalaciones municipales
con tecnologías biológicas, tanto anaerobia como aerobia.
La evaluación de riesgos se inició mediante una caracterización básica, y se valoran la presencia
de gases de espacios confinados con un equipo de lectura directa; la presencia de E. coli,
mediante un muestreo pasivo, como indicador de agente biológico; agentes ergonómicos y
físicos como ruido, estrés térmico, iluminación y biomecánica mediante el método RULA; y se
incluyó un espacio participativo para evaluar la parte organizacional.
Entre los hallazgos más relevantes está la medición de gases en varios espacios del sistema
anaerobio, 8 posturas disergonómicas adoptadas por el operador durante sus labores que
deben ser corregidas, deficiencia de luz dos ubicaciones (caja de rejas de planta 2 y caseta del
operador) y necesidades de mejora en la capacitación de los trabajadores y toma de decisiones
por parte de los supervisores.
En el sistema de tratamiento de tecnología anaerobia, se determinó dos espacios confinados
con una válvula para descarga de lodos, con niveles bajos de oxígeno de 12,9% y 15,4%. Y
además, una concentración de 19 ppm de ácido sulfhídrico en el registro de aforo previo a la
descarga del mismo sistema de tratamiento.
El análisis ergonómico detectó 8 de las 17 posturas analizados con necesidad de corrección,
donde una de ellas se clasificó como cambio urgente. Este tiene que ver con el levantamiento
de una tapa pesada en un espacio bastante reducido.
v
No se detectó la presencia de E. coli tanto en las superficies muestreadas como en el muestreo
de aire pasivo. Lo que deja la necesidad de ampliar la gama de microorganismos e intentar un
muestreo activo en los sistemas de tratamiento
La actividad participativa fue un el intercambio de percepciones sobre el riesgo en los sistemas
de tratamiento por parte de la unidad operativa, supervisora y gerencial. La cual reveló la
necesidad de mejorar las capacitaciones de los trabajadores y contar con una persona técnica
especializada que asesore a la gerencia y direcciones en temas de salud ocupacional.
Las recomendaciones del proyecto se conforman por 3 partes: Acciones de mejora generales,
acciones de mejora específicas y recomendaciones generales para la empresa. Las acciones de
mejora generales contienen una guía para que la empresa pueda elaborar y ejecutar de un
programa de ergonomía integral acorde a sus necesidades. En las acciones de mejora
específicas toman en cuenta la propuesta del diseño para la corrección de posturas, la mejora
de iluminación, la reafirmación del uso del protocolo de espacios confinados que se elaboró en
la empresa durante la investigación, la necesidad de contar con un profesional técnico
especializado en salud ocupacional y la mejora de prácticas laborales y su supervisión.
Las recomendaciones generales amplían la necesidad de mejorar la posible exposición a
agentes biológicos y los riesgos por la resistencia a los antimicrobianos e incluir agentes
psicosociales en próximas investigaciones internas.
The operation of a wastewater treatment system (STAR) is an activity that involves occupational hazards due to occupational hazards due to possible exposure to chemical, biological, physical, psychosocial and other generic other generic agents to the personnel involved in its operation and supervision. In the present project evaluated the conditions of occupational exposure to various stressors at three domestic wastewater treatment domestic wastewater treatment systems in the canton of Belen. The three systems are operated by the same municipal wastewater treatment company using both anaerobic and anaerobic biological technologies. with both anaerobic and aerobic biological technologies. The risk assessment was initiated by a basic characterization, and the presence of confined space gases is assessed by of confined space gases with direct reading equipment; the presence of E. coli, by passive sampling as an indicator of a biological agent; ergonomic and physical agents such as noise ergonomic and physical agents such as noise, thermal stress, lighting and biomechanics using the RULA method. and a participatory space was included to evaluate the organizational part. Among the most relevant findings are the measurement of gases in several areas of the anaerobic system, 8 dysergonomic postures adopted by the operator during his work that should be corrected, deficiency of light in two locations (plant 2 grating box and operator's hut) and needs for improvement in the training of workers and decision making by supervisors. In the anaerobic technology treatment system, two confined spaces with a valve for sludge discharge were identified, with low oxygen levels of 12.9% and 15.4%. In addition, there was a concentration of 19 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in the gauging record prior to discharge from the same treatment system. The ergonomic analysis detected 8 of the 17 analyzed postures in need of correction, where one of them was classified as an urgent change. This has to do with the lifting of a heavy lid in a rather confined space. The presence of E. coli was not detected both on the surfaces sampled and in passive air sampling. Which leaves the need to broaden the range of microorganisms and attempt active sampling in the treatment systems. The participatory activity was an exchange of perceptions on risk in the treatment systems by the operating, supervisory and management unit. This revealed the need to improve the training of workers and to have a specialized technical person to advise management and directors on occupational health issues. The project recommendations are made up of three parts: general improvement actions, specific improvement actions, and general recommendations for the company. The general improvement actions contain a guide for the company to develop and implement a comprehensive ergonomics program according to its needs. The specific improvement actions take into account the design proposal for the correction of postures, the improvement of lighting, the reaffirmation of the use of the confined space protocol that was developed in the company during the investigation, the need to have a technical professional specialized in occupational health, and the improvement of work practices and their supervision. The general recommendations expand on the need to improve potential exposure to biological agents and risks due to antimicrobial resistance and to include psychosocial agents in future internal investigations.
The operation of a wastewater treatment system (STAR) is an activity that involves occupational hazards due to occupational hazards due to possible exposure to chemical, biological, physical, psychosocial and other generic other generic agents to the personnel involved in its operation and supervision. In the present project evaluated the conditions of occupational exposure to various stressors at three domestic wastewater treatment domestic wastewater treatment systems in the canton of Belen. The three systems are operated by the same municipal wastewater treatment company using both anaerobic and anaerobic biological technologies. with both anaerobic and aerobic biological technologies. The risk assessment was initiated by a basic characterization, and the presence of confined space gases is assessed by of confined space gases with direct reading equipment; the presence of E. coli, by passive sampling as an indicator of a biological agent; ergonomic and physical agents such as noise ergonomic and physical agents such as noise, thermal stress, lighting and biomechanics using the RULA method. and a participatory space was included to evaluate the organizational part. Among the most relevant findings are the measurement of gases in several areas of the anaerobic system, 8 dysergonomic postures adopted by the operator during his work that should be corrected, deficiency of light in two locations (plant 2 grating box and operator's hut) and needs for improvement in the training of workers and decision making by supervisors. In the anaerobic technology treatment system, two confined spaces with a valve for sludge discharge were identified, with low oxygen levels of 12.9% and 15.4%. In addition, there was a concentration of 19 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in the gauging record prior to discharge from the same treatment system. The ergonomic analysis detected 8 of the 17 analyzed postures in need of correction, where one of them was classified as an urgent change. This has to do with the lifting of a heavy lid in a rather confined space. The presence of E. coli was not detected both on the surfaces sampled and in passive air sampling. Which leaves the need to broaden the range of microorganisms and attempt active sampling in the treatment systems. The participatory activity was an exchange of perceptions on risk in the treatment systems by the operating, supervisory and management unit. This revealed the need to improve the training of workers and to have a specialized technical person to advise management and directors on occupational health issues. The project recommendations are made up of three parts: general improvement actions, specific improvement actions, and general recommendations for the company. The general improvement actions contain a guide for the company to develop and implement a comprehensive ergonomics program according to its needs. The specific improvement actions take into account the design proposal for the correction of postures, the improvement of lighting, the reaffirmation of the use of the confined space protocol that was developed in the company during the investigation, the need to have a technical professional specialized in occupational health, and the improvement of work practices and their supervision. The general recommendations expand on the need to improve potential exposure to biological agents and risks due to antimicrobial resistance and to include psychosocial agents in future internal investigations.
Descripción
Proyecto de graduación para optar por el grado de máster en salud ocupacional con mención en higiene ambiental.
Palabras clave
SALUD OCUPACIONAL, EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGOS, RISK ASSESSMENT, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS, WASTE TREATMENT, MONITOREO BIOLÓGICO, BIOLOGICAL MONITORING, BELEN (HEREDIA)