Análisis de perfil ambiental de la cadena de melón de Nicaragua. Aplicación de análisis del ciclo de vida para la formulación de políticas.
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Fecha
2004-01
Autores
Osejo Carrillo, Tania Gabriela
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el perfil ambiental de la cadena del
melón en Nicaragua, a fines de fomentar una agenda de políticas que proporcione pautas de
desarrollo sostenible. Para ello se hizo uso de la metodología del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida
(LCA, por sus siglas en inglés), el cual es un instrumento para evaluar las cargas
ambientales asociadas a un producto, proceso o actividad, identificando y cuantificando el
uso de materia y energía y los vertidos al entorno, para determinar el impacto que ese uso
de recurso y esos vertidos producen en el medio ambiente y para evaluar estrategias de
mejora ambiental.
La metodología se aplicó a tres circuitos representativos de la cadena, dos de ellos dirigen
su producto al consumo interno y el otro es sujeto de exportación. Con relación al melón
destinado a los mercados internacionales, los eslabones estudiados fueron: producción
agrícola, manejo pos – cosecha, transporte (terrestre y acuático) y consumo final en
Holanda. Mientras tanto, se empleó la metodología en los circuitos de consumo interno sólo
en el eslabón agrícola con fines comparativos.
Los resultados de la investigación permiten visualizar que en la cadena del melón de
exportación, el eslabón agrícola (en especial los procesos de fertilización y control de
plagas) es el principal causante de impactos tales como efecto invernadero, acidificación
eutrofización entre otros. De igual forma se determinó que el transporte del producto tiene
una participación muy inferior, en comparación a las emisiones registradas en la
agricultura, en los impactos ambientales antes mencionados y que le consumidor final
holandés presenta formas sostenibles de consumo.
The main objectives of this research are: to analyze the environmental profile of Nicaraguan melon chain and to promote a sustainable policy strategy. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used in this investigation to realize this objectives. This methodology is an instrument to evaluate the environmental impact of a commodity, process or activity; identifying and quantifying the material and energy used and spillage and their impact on the environment. In addition, this methodology is useful in the evaluation of strategies for the improvement of the environment. The methodology was applied too 3 representative cases of melon chain: two of them deal with the domestic consumption of the product, last one deals with the export of the product. The following links were studied in the case of global chain of melon: agriculture – pos harvest management – transport (by land and by sea) and final consumer in The Netherlands. The LCA methodology was applied only at the agriculture stage of the domestic consumption case. A comparative analysis of the results obtained in both scenarios was conducted. The results obtained in the investigation shows that in the global melon chain, agricultural process (specially the fertilization process and pest control) is the main cause of the green house effect, acidification and nutrification. The transportation of melon has the least contribution to contamination in the global melon chain, with respect to the aforementioned environmental impacts. In addition, the results shows that final Dutch consumer has sustainable ways of consumption.
The main objectives of this research are: to analyze the environmental profile of Nicaraguan melon chain and to promote a sustainable policy strategy. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used in this investigation to realize this objectives. This methodology is an instrument to evaluate the environmental impact of a commodity, process or activity; identifying and quantifying the material and energy used and spillage and their impact on the environment. In addition, this methodology is useful in the evaluation of strategies for the improvement of the environment. The methodology was applied too 3 representative cases of melon chain: two of them deal with the domestic consumption of the product, last one deals with the export of the product. The following links were studied in the case of global chain of melon: agriculture – pos harvest management – transport (by land and by sea) and final consumer in The Netherlands. The LCA methodology was applied only at the agriculture stage of the domestic consumption case. A comparative analysis of the results obtained in both scenarios was conducted. The results obtained in the investigation shows that in the global melon chain, agricultural process (specially the fertilization process and pest control) is the main cause of the green house effect, acidification and nutrification. The transportation of melon has the least contribution to contamination in the global melon chain, with respect to the aforementioned environmental impacts. In addition, the results shows that final Dutch consumer has sustainable ways of consumption.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MELON, CICLO DE VIDA, NICARAGUA, PERFIL AMBIENTAL, FORMULACIÓN DE POLÍTICAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE