Estudio de la variabilidad en la concentración de los alcaloides emetina, cefaelina y totales, presentes en la raíz de Carapichea ipecacuanha en diferentes estados de maduración, con la finalidad de optimizar el tiempo de cosecha y su potencial actividad antibiótica
Fecha
2022
Autores
Rodríguez Víquez, Marco Antonio
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
En años recientes ha aumentado el interés de la población de la zona norte de nuestro país en la siembra y exportación de la famosa raicilla (C. ipecacuanha). Esta planta medicinal es exportada a Europa y su precio depende del contenido de sus alcaloides isoquinoleínicos. Con la raíz de esta planta se preparan jarabes con propiedades eméticas muy efectivas. Desafortunadamente se desconoce por parte de los productores el momento ideal de cosecha de la raicilla, para obtener la mayor concentración de emetina y cefaelina. Esta es la razón por la cual se hizo el presente estudio, para determinar el mejor momento de cosecha de la C. ipecacuanha (raicilla o ipecacuana). La obtención de las muestras fue mediante un muestreo aleatorio. Se muestrearon plantas de 1 año de sembradas durante 9 meses a intervalos aproximados de 1,5 meses. Se analizó la raíz de la planta, parte en la cual se acumulan los alcaloides responsables de sus efectos medicinales. Para el secado de las raíces se emplearon dos métodos (al sol y al horno), en donde se observó que ambos métodos presentan resultados estadísticamente semejantes, por lo tanto, se establece el primer método como el idóneo por ser más simple, rápido y económico. La extracción de los alcaloides se realizó mediante tres extracciones sucesivas con éter etílico en medio básico y la determinación de la concentración se hizo por medio de dos métodos; mediante una valoración ácido-base y mediante la técnica de UHPLC. En ambos casos tomando el alcaloide emetina como referencia, se observó que el tercer punto de muestreo fue el de mayor concentración de alcaloides, momento en el cual las plantas tenían 16,5 meses de edad. Se efectuó un análisis de la actividad antibiótica utilizando el método Kirby-Bauer modificado, con el extracto crudo de los alcaloides totales. Se emplearon seis bacterias con resistencia comprobada hacia los antibióticos comunes, categorizadas con el acrónimo ESKAPE. El resultado más relevante fue la obtención de halos de inhibición formados por el extracto en el medio con la bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, para el cual el control positivo no formó halo de inhibición. Analizando los resultados en esta investigación se recomienda cosechar las plantas de ipecacuana a partir de los 15 meses y hasta los 19 meses de edad. Además, se recomienda la posibilidad de analizar el efecto antibiótico con mayor profundidad para el posible tratamiento de bacterias resistentes y la manera de mejorar dicho efecto mediante una combinación con otros extractos que muestren efectos semejantes.
In recent years, the interest of the population in the northern part of our country has been aroused in the planting and export of the famous raicilla (C. ipecacuanha). This medicinal plant is exported to Europe and its price depends on the content of its isoquinoline alkaloids. Syrups with very effective emetic properties are prepared with the root of this plant. Unfortunately, producers do not know the ideal harvest time for the rootlet to obtain the highest concentration of emetine and cephalin. This is the reason why the present study was carried out, to determine the best time to harvest C. ipecacuanha (raicilla or ipecacuanha). The samples were obtained by random sampling. One-year-old plants planted for 9 months were sampled at approximate intervals of 1.5 months. The root of the plant was analyzed, part in which the alkaloids responsible for its medicinal effects accumulate. For the drying of the roots, two methods were used (in the sun and in the oven), where it was shown that both methods present statistically similar results, therefore, the first method is established as the appropriate one because it is simpler, faster and cheaper. . The extraction of the alkaloids was carried out by means of three successive extractions with ethyl ether in a basic medium and the determination of the concentration was made by means of two methods; by an acid-base titration and by the UHPLC technique. In both cases, taking the alkaloid emetine as a reference, it was shown that the third point of demonstration was the one with the highest concentration of alkaloids, at which time the plants were 16.5 months old. See performed an analysis of antibiotic activity using the modified Kirby-Bauer method, with the crude extract of the total alkaloids. Six bacteria with proven resistance to common antibiotics, categorized with the acronym ESKAPE, were used. The most relevant result was the obtaining of inhibition halos formed by the extract in the medium with the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, for which the positive control did not form an inhibition halo. Analyzing the results in this research, it is recommended to harvest the ipecac plants from 15 months and up to 19 months of age. In addition, the possibility of analyzing the antibiotic effect in greater depth for the possible treatment of resistant bacteria and the way to improve said effect by means of a combination with other extracts that show similar effects is recommended.
In recent years, the interest of the population in the northern part of our country has been aroused in the planting and export of the famous raicilla (C. ipecacuanha). This medicinal plant is exported to Europe and its price depends on the content of its isoquinoline alkaloids. Syrups with very effective emetic properties are prepared with the root of this plant. Unfortunately, producers do not know the ideal harvest time for the rootlet to obtain the highest concentration of emetine and cephalin. This is the reason why the present study was carried out, to determine the best time to harvest C. ipecacuanha (raicilla or ipecacuanha). The samples were obtained by random sampling. One-year-old plants planted for 9 months were sampled at approximate intervals of 1.5 months. The root of the plant was analyzed, part in which the alkaloids responsible for its medicinal effects accumulate. For the drying of the roots, two methods were used (in the sun and in the oven), where it was shown that both methods present statistically similar results, therefore, the first method is established as the appropriate one because it is simpler, faster and cheaper. . The extraction of the alkaloids was carried out by means of three successive extractions with ethyl ether in a basic medium and the determination of the concentration was made by means of two methods; by an acid-base titration and by the UHPLC technique. In both cases, taking the alkaloid emetine as a reference, it was shown that the third point of demonstration was the one with the highest concentration of alkaloids, at which time the plants were 16.5 months old. See performed an analysis of antibiotic activity using the modified Kirby-Bauer method, with the crude extract of the total alkaloids. Six bacteria with proven resistance to common antibiotics, categorized with the acronym ESKAPE, were used. The most relevant result was the obtaining of inhibition halos formed by the extract in the medium with the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, for which the positive control did not form an inhibition halo. Analyzing the results in this research, it is recommended to harvest the ipecac plants from 15 months and up to 19 months of age. In addition, the possibility of analyzing the antibiotic effect in greater depth for the possible treatment of resistant bacteria and the way to improve said effect by means of a combination with other extracts that show similar effects is recommended.
Descripción
Rodríguez Víquez, M.A. (2022). Estudio de la variabilidad en la concentración de los alcaloides emetina, cefaelina y totales, presentes en la raíz de Carapichea ipecacuanha en diferentes estados de maduración, con la finalidad de optimizar el tiempo de cosecha y su potencial actividad antibiótica. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA, PLANTAS MEDICINALES, RAICILLA, ALCALOIDES, COSTA RICA, ALKALOID, MEDICINAL PLANTS