Zonas de vida de Costa Rica a partir de la aplicación de dos métodos de cálculo de la biotemperatura
Fecha
2022-03
Autores
Alpízar Vaglio, Edwin Tobías
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El sistema de clasificación ecológica basado en zonas de vida utiliza, como una de sus variables, la
biotemperatura, la cual considera el rango de temperaturas diarias entre 0°C y 30°C. Dado que por
limitaciones instrumentales no siempre se dispone de estos datos, Holdridge propuso una fórmula para
estimarla a partir de la temperatura media mensual y la latitud. Para ello, la temperatura media diaria
es calculada a partir del promedio obtenido entre la mínima y máxima diaria. En los últimos años, el
país ha dispuesto una importante cantidad de estaciones meteorológicas automáticas que llevan
registros de datos horarios de temperatura. Esto permite comparar si los resultados de estimar la
biotemperatura mensual con la aplicación de dicha fórmula son coincidentes con la calculada a partir
de datos horarios de temperatura, para dichas estaciones meteorológicas.
Con ese propósito, se seleccionaron 24 estaciones distribuidas en el país, en diferentes latitudes y
zonas de vida clasificadas mediante el Mapa Ecológico de Costa Rica, basado en zonas de vida. Se
determinó la biotemperatura aplicando la fórmula sugerida por Holdridge y considerando el rango de
temperaturas diarias, también establecido por Holdridge. Para el caso de la fórmula, se utilizó el
promedio diario de las temperatura máximas y mínimas y también el promedio de temperatura
obtenido de datos horarios. Para el cálculo de biotemperatura con datos horarios, se consideraron dos
rangos de temperatura, de 0°C a 30°C y de 0°C a 31°C. De este modo, se calcularon cuatro valores de
biotemperatura para cada estación meteorológica seleccionada. Con base en ellos y la precipitación
media en cada estación, se determinó la zona de vida mediante el diagrama propuesto por Holdridge.
Al comparar los valores de biotemperatura, calculados por los cuatro métodos, se determinó que,
cuando se aplica la fórmula, dichos valores son más altos que los estimados utilizando los rangos de
temperatura definidos. Entre los dos métodos de aplicación de la fórmula, con diferentes fuentes de
temperatura media, el valor de biotemperatura es más alto cuando se considera las temperaturas
máxima y mínima.
Los resultados muestran que los valores de biotemperatura aplicando la fórmula son
significativamente diferentes a los obtenidos bajo el principio que considera la biotemperatura para
un rango de temperatura diarias. Las diferencias de biotemperatura utilizando los cuatro métodos
propiciaron que también hubiese cambios en la determinación de la zona de vida; sin embargo, los
cambios se presentaron cuando los valores de biotemperatura se ubicaban cerca de las líneas de
transición de zonas de vida.
The ecological classification system based on life zones uses, as one of its variables, biotemperature, which considers the range of daily temperatures between 0 ° C and 30 ° C. Given that due to instrumental limitations these data are not always available, Holdridge proposed a formula to estimate it from the mean monthly temperature and latitude; For this, the average daily temperature is calculated from the average obtained between the daily minimum and maximum. In recent years, the country has established a significant number of automatic weather stations that keep hourly temperature data records; This makes it possible to compare whether the results of estimating the monthly biotemperature with the application of said formula coincide with the one calculated from hourly temperature data for said meteorological stations. For this purpose, 24 stations distributed throughout the country were selected, in different latitudes and life zones classified by the Ecological Map of Costa Rica, based on life zones. Biotemperature was determined by applying the formula suggested by Holdridge and considering the range of daily temperatures, also established by Holdridge. For the case of the formula, the daily average of the maximum and minimum temperatures was used, as well as the average temperature obtained from hourly data. For the biotemperature calculation with hourly data, two temperature ranges were considered, from 0 ° C to 30 ° C and from 0 ° C to 31 ° C. In this way, four biotemperature values were calculated for each selected meteorological station. Based on them and the average rainfall in each station, the life zone was determined using the diagram proposed by Holdridge. When comparing the biotemperature values, calculated by the four methods, it was determined that, when the formula is applied, these values are higher than those estimated using the defined temperature ranges. Between the two methods of applying the formula, with different sources of mean temperature, the biotemperature value is higher when the maximum and minimum temperatures are considered. The results show that the biotemperature values applying the formula are significantly different from those obtained under the principle that considers the biotemperature for a daily temperature range. The biotemperature differences using the four methods led to changes in the determination of the life zone; however, the changes occurred when the biotemperature values were located near the transition lines of life zones.
The ecological classification system based on life zones uses, as one of its variables, biotemperature, which considers the range of daily temperatures between 0 ° C and 30 ° C. Given that due to instrumental limitations these data are not always available, Holdridge proposed a formula to estimate it from the mean monthly temperature and latitude; For this, the average daily temperature is calculated from the average obtained between the daily minimum and maximum. In recent years, the country has established a significant number of automatic weather stations that keep hourly temperature data records; This makes it possible to compare whether the results of estimating the monthly biotemperature with the application of said formula coincide with the one calculated from hourly temperature data for said meteorological stations. For this purpose, 24 stations distributed throughout the country were selected, in different latitudes and life zones classified by the Ecological Map of Costa Rica, based on life zones. Biotemperature was determined by applying the formula suggested by Holdridge and considering the range of daily temperatures, also established by Holdridge. For the case of the formula, the daily average of the maximum and minimum temperatures was used, as well as the average temperature obtained from hourly data. For the biotemperature calculation with hourly data, two temperature ranges were considered, from 0 ° C to 30 ° C and from 0 ° C to 31 ° C. In this way, four biotemperature values were calculated for each selected meteorological station. Based on them and the average rainfall in each station, the life zone was determined using the diagram proposed by Holdridge. When comparing the biotemperature values, calculated by the four methods, it was determined that, when the formula is applied, these values are higher than those estimated using the defined temperature ranges. Between the two methods of applying the formula, with different sources of mean temperature, the biotemperature value is higher when the maximum and minimum temperatures are considered. The results show that the biotemperature values applying the formula are significantly different from those obtained under the principle that considers the biotemperature for a daily temperature range. The biotemperature differences using the four methods led to changes in the determination of the life zone; however, the changes occurred when the biotemperature values were located near the transition lines of life zones.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Ciencias Forestales con énfasis en Manejo Forestal
Palabras clave
TEMPERATURA, TEMPERATURE, ECOSYSTEMS, ecosistemas, ECOLOGIA, ECOLOGY, METEOROLOGÍA, METEOROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGÍA, CLIMATOLOGY, METODOLOGÍA DE LA CIENCIA, METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE, COSTA RICA