Evaluación de la revegetación para el control de la erosión laminar en taludes de la Microcuenca del río Pirro, Costa Rica
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Fecha
2013
Autores
Alvarado García, Virginia
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La erosión conlleva el desprendimiento, transporte y depósito de las partículas del suelo a causa del agua o del viento; es un proceso natural que depende del clima, el tipo de suelo, la topografía y la vegetación. La remoción de la capa vegetal acelera los procesos erosivos, los cuales provocan mayor sedimentación y modifican los procesos naturales en los ecosistemas, sobre todo en los acuáticos. La microcuenca del Río Pirro, presenta una problemática socio-ambiental marcada, en donde la impermeabilización del suelo, la invasión de la zona de protección del río, la contaminación y la erosión del cauce son evidentes. Con el fin de mitigar dicha problemática se seleccionó y evaluó el uso de especies vegetales para la retención de sedimentos. En la primera etapa, se mediante el método de Criterio de expertos para obtener un listado de especies aptas para el control de la erosión en taludes de ríos. Se entrevista a 20 expertos, los cuales recomendaron en total 74 especies. Predominaron las plantas herbáceas, nativas, de raíz fasciculada y de ciclo perenne. Las especies más nombradas fueron Yucca guatemalensis y Arachis pintoi. En la segunda etapa se establecieron 10 parcelas experimentales utilizando cinco tratamientos (cada uno con una repetición), PTA: Costus pulverulentus, PTB: Heliconia tortuosa, PTC: Vetiveria zizanioides, PTD: mezcla de todas las especies y PTE: control sin plantas. Se recolectaron sedimentos y se midieron formaciones de pedestales semanalmente por cuatro meses. Según el análisis de contrastes ortogonales, el tratamiento de evidenció diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos; que los untamientos vegetales, no presentaron diferencias significativas entre sí. En cuanto a los pedestales, los valores promedio evidenciaron un suelo con erosión moderada a severa. Se establecieron predicciones sobre la sedimentación en diferentes escenarios de precipitación, para lo cual, la producción de sedimentos aumenta en función de las precipitaciones, sobre todo cuando el terreno está desprovisto de cobertura vegetal. Pese a no existir diferencias los tratamientos vegetales se propone el uso de especies nativas por su valor ecológico y estético con respecto al vetiver. Esta investigación logró aportar nuevo conocimiento científico y dio a conocer una metodología innovadora, de bajo costo y sencilla.
Erosion involves the detachment, transport and deposit of soil particles due to water or wind; it is a natural process that depends on the climate, the type of soil, the topography and the vegetation. The removal of the vegetal layer accelerates the erosive processes, which cause greater sedimentation and modify the natural processes in the ecosystems, especially in the aquatic ones. The Pirro River micro-basin presents a marked socio-environmental problem, where the impermeabilization of the soil, the invasion of the river protection zone, contamination and erosion of the channel are evident. In order to mitigate this problem, the use of plant species for sediment retention was selected and evaluated. In the first stage, the Expert Criteria method was used to obtain a list of suitable species for erosion control on river slopes. Twenty experts were interviewed, who recommended a total of 74 species. Herbaceous, native plants, with fasciculated roots and perennial cycle predominated. The most named species were Yucca guatemalensis and Arachis pintoi. In the second stage, 10 experimental plots were established using five treatments (each with a repetition), PTA: Costus pulverulentus, PTB: Heliconia tortuosa, PTC: Vetiveria zizanioides, PTD: mixture of all species and PTE: control without plants. Sediment was collected and pedestal formations were measured weekly for four months. According to the analysis of orthogonal contrasts, the treatment showed significant differences with respect to the rest of the treatments; that the vegetable spreads did not present significant differences between them. Regarding the pedestals, the average values showed a soil with moderate to severe erosion. Sedimentation predictions were established in different precipitation scenarios, for which sediment production increases as a function of rainfall, especially when the land is devoid of vegetation cover. Despite there being no differences in plant treatments, the use of native species is proposed for their ecological and aesthetic value with respect to vetiver. This research managed to contribute new scientific knowledge and unveiled an innovative, low-cost and simple methodology.
Erosion involves the detachment, transport and deposit of soil particles due to water or wind; it is a natural process that depends on the climate, the type of soil, the topography and the vegetation. The removal of the vegetal layer accelerates the erosive processes, which cause greater sedimentation and modify the natural processes in the ecosystems, especially in the aquatic ones. The Pirro River micro-basin presents a marked socio-environmental problem, where the impermeabilization of the soil, the invasion of the river protection zone, contamination and erosion of the channel are evident. In order to mitigate this problem, the use of plant species for sediment retention was selected and evaluated. In the first stage, the Expert Criteria method was used to obtain a list of suitable species for erosion control on river slopes. Twenty experts were interviewed, who recommended a total of 74 species. Herbaceous, native plants, with fasciculated roots and perennial cycle predominated. The most named species were Yucca guatemalensis and Arachis pintoi. In the second stage, 10 experimental plots were established using five treatments (each with a repetition), PTA: Costus pulverulentus, PTB: Heliconia tortuosa, PTC: Vetiveria zizanioides, PTD: mixture of all species and PTE: control without plants. Sediment was collected and pedestal formations were measured weekly for four months. According to the analysis of orthogonal contrasts, the treatment showed significant differences with respect to the rest of the treatments; that the vegetable spreads did not present significant differences between them. Regarding the pedestals, the average values showed a soil with moderate to severe erosion. Sedimentation predictions were established in different precipitation scenarios, for which sediment production increases as a function of rainfall, especially when the land is devoid of vegetation cover. Despite there being no differences in plant treatments, the use of native species is proposed for their ecological and aesthetic value with respect to vetiver. This research managed to contribute new scientific knowledge and unveiled an innovative, low-cost and simple methodology.
Descripción
Alvarado García, V. (2013). Evaluación de la revegetación para el control de la erosión laminar en taludes de la Microcuenca del río Pirro, Costa Rica. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
EROSION, CONTAMINACION, POLLUTION, CUENCAS, PLANTAS, SEDIMENTO, TOPOGRAFIA, TOPOGRAPHY, RIOS, ECOSISTEMAS