Educación menstrual con enfoque de derecho humanos y feminista, dirigida a jóvenes y adolescentes de comunidades urbanas
Fecha
2023
Autores
Varela Víquez, Rebeca
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Editor
Universdidad Nacional de Costa Rica
Resumen
Esta investigación es el trabajo final de graduación para optar por el grado de maestría en
Derechos Humanos y Educación para la Paz del Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos
de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, cuyo objetivo general se basa en indagar sobre
las características de una educación menstrual que promueva la vivencia del ciclo
menstrual desde un enfoque de educación en derechos humanos y feminista, en el
contexto de un grupo de adolescentes y jóvenes madres con edades entre los 15 y 18
años del cantón de Desamparados de San José, Costa Rica.
La educación menstrual responde al acceso de los derechos sexuales y
reproductivos, ya que se considera parte importante de la sexualidad; al realizar un
análisis de los antecedentes de investigación nacionales e internacionales en esta
temática, arrojan un enorme retraso en términos de programas con enfoque de educación
menstrual críticos y transformadores. Todas las investigaciones llegan a la conclusión de
que existen actualmente estigmatizaciones, tabúes y estereotipos alrededor de la
menstruación que afecta una vivencia sana, saludable y positiva de la misma en la niñez,
adolescencia y juventud. La falta de educación menstrual crítica y emancipadora también
vulnera el derecho a la educación sexual y por consecuente el acceso de los derechos
sexuales y reproductivos.
Esta investigación de carácter cualitativo, con enfoque de derechos humanos y de
investigación acción participativa, tiene como finalidad una guía didáctica que sea puesta
al servicio del abordaje de la temática del ciclo menstrual por medio de educación
menstrual con enfoque de derechos humanos y Feminista con adolescentes y jóvenes de
comunidades urbanas.
El proceso de recolección de la información se realizó por medio de las técnicas
de taller sociodramático y círculo de diálogo, con el propósito de abordar el trabajo de
campo desde un enfoque de educación popular, lúdico y llevando a la práctica los
principios de la investigación en derechos humanos y feminista.
A partir del análisis realizado se elaboran las siguientes conclusiones principales:
La realidad nacional encontró que para el 2020, en Costa Rica, 32 de cada 1 000 mujeres
entre 15 a 19 años tuvo un nacimiento (Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas e
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 2021), las experiencias descritas por las
participantes en la presente investigación evidenció que el acceso a una educación de
calidad, e integral, basada en los derechos humanos y específicamente en educación
sexual y menstrual integral, se está viendo violentada por el mismo Estado y esto se
evidencia con el indicador que de todas las participantes de este proyecto no han recibido
una educación sexual, ni menstrual en espacios educativos formales, no formales e
informales que les permita el acceso de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos.
En el 2022, en Costa Rica no hay programas formales públicos o estatales que se
dediquen a brindar el acceso a los derechos de una educación sexual que tome en cuenta
la educación menstrual; los esfuerzos que se realizan son por parte de organizaciones no
gubernamentales o colectivas feministas que brindan este tipo de educación no formal a
una pequeña escala, que tiene un bajo impacto para toda la población adolescente y
joven de comunidades urbano marginalizadas. Igualmente vemos que los espacios
educativos informales se encuentran inmersos en tabúes y estereotipos sociales en torno
al tema, estando muy lejos de ser espacios para la educación menstrual desde los
derechos humanos y una visión feminista centrada en la equidad de género.
Se pudo observar y concluir que la población joven y adolescente está deseosa y
necesitada de acceder a una educación menstrual con enfoque de derechos humanos y
de género, que sea participativa, lúdica, dialógica y que les permita crear nuevos
conocimientos y accesar a vivir desde los derechos humanos.
This research is the final graduation work for the Master's degree in Human Rights and Peace Education of the Institute of Latin American Studies. Human Rights and Peace Education at the Institute of Latin American Studies of the National University of Costa Rica. of the National University of Costa Rica, whose general objective is based on investigating the characteristics of a menstrual the characteristics of a menstrual education that promotes the experience of the menstrual cycle from an educational menstrual cycle from a human rights and feminist educational approach, in the context of a group of adolescents context of a group of adolescent girls and young mothers between 15 and 18 years of age in the years of age in the Desamparados canton of San José, Costa Rica. Menstrual education responds to the access to sexual and reproductive rights, as it is considered part of the reproductive rights, since it is considered an important part of sexuality. analysis of national and international research on this topic, there is an enormous delay in the and international research on this topic, there is a huge backlog in terms of programs with a critical and transformative approach to menstrual education. education programs that are critical and transformative. All of the research concludes that there is currently stigmatization that there are currently stigmatizations, taboos, and stereotypes surrounding menstruation that affect the that affect a healthy, wholesome and positive experience of menstruation in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood, adolescence and youth. The lack of critical and emancipatory menstrual education also violates the right to education. the right to sexual education and, consequently, the access to sexual and reproductive rights. sexual and reproductive rights. This qualitative research, with a focus on human rights and participatory action research, aims at participatory action research, aims to produce a didactic guide to be put at the service of the the approach to the topic of the menstrual cycle through menstrual education with a human rights approach. education with a human rights and feminist approach with adolescents and youth in urban communities. urban communities. 4 The data collection process was carried out by means of the techniques of socio-dramatic workshop and circle workshop and dialogue circle techniques, with the purpose of approaching the fieldwork from a popular education approach to the fieldwork from a popular education, playful approach, and putting into practice the principles of human rights principles of human rights and feminist research. From the analysis carried out, the following main conclusions are drawn: The national reality found that by 2020, in Costa Rica, 32 out of every 1 000 women between 15 and 19 years of age had a birth (United Nations Population Fund and National Institute of Statistics and Censuses). National Institute of Statistics and Census, 2021). the experiences described by the participants in this research showed that access to a quality, comprehensive education quality and comprehensive education based on human rights and specifically on comprehensive sexual and menstrual and menstrual education, is being violated by the State itself, and this is evidenced by the This is evidenced by the indicator that all the participants in this project have not received sexual and menstrual education in formal, non-formal and informal educational spaces that would allow them to have access informal educational spaces that would allow them access to sexual and reproductive rights. In 2022, in Costa Rica, there are no formal public or state programs that are dedicated to dedicated to providing
This research is the final graduation work for the Master's degree in Human Rights and Peace Education of the Institute of Latin American Studies. Human Rights and Peace Education at the Institute of Latin American Studies of the National University of Costa Rica. of the National University of Costa Rica, whose general objective is based on investigating the characteristics of a menstrual the characteristics of a menstrual education that promotes the experience of the menstrual cycle from an educational menstrual cycle from a human rights and feminist educational approach, in the context of a group of adolescents context of a group of adolescent girls and young mothers between 15 and 18 years of age in the years of age in the Desamparados canton of San José, Costa Rica. Menstrual education responds to the access to sexual and reproductive rights, as it is considered part of the reproductive rights, since it is considered an important part of sexuality. analysis of national and international research on this topic, there is an enormous delay in the and international research on this topic, there is a huge backlog in terms of programs with a critical and transformative approach to menstrual education. education programs that are critical and transformative. All of the research concludes that there is currently stigmatization that there are currently stigmatizations, taboos, and stereotypes surrounding menstruation that affect the that affect a healthy, wholesome and positive experience of menstruation in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood, adolescence and youth. The lack of critical and emancipatory menstrual education also violates the right to education. the right to sexual education and, consequently, the access to sexual and reproductive rights. sexual and reproductive rights. This qualitative research, with a focus on human rights and participatory action research, aims at participatory action research, aims to produce a didactic guide to be put at the service of the the approach to the topic of the menstrual cycle through menstrual education with a human rights approach. education with a human rights and feminist approach with adolescents and youth in urban communities. urban communities. 4 The data collection process was carried out by means of the techniques of socio-dramatic workshop and circle workshop and dialogue circle techniques, with the purpose of approaching the fieldwork from a popular education approach to the fieldwork from a popular education, playful approach, and putting into practice the principles of human rights principles of human rights and feminist research. From the analysis carried out, the following main conclusions are drawn: The national reality found that by 2020, in Costa Rica, 32 out of every 1 000 women between 15 and 19 years of age had a birth (United Nations Population Fund and National Institute of Statistics and Censuses). National Institute of Statistics and Census, 2021). the experiences described by the participants in this research showed that access to a quality, comprehensive education quality and comprehensive education based on human rights and specifically on comprehensive sexual and menstrual and menstrual education, is being violated by the State itself, and this is evidenced by the This is evidenced by the indicator that all the participants in this project have not received sexual and menstrual education in formal, non-formal and informal educational spaces that would allow them to have access informal educational spaces that would allow them access to sexual and reproductive rights. In 2022, in Costa Rica, there are no formal public or state programs that are dedicated to dedicated to providing
Descripción
Palabras clave
SEXUALIDAD, SALUD DE LA MUJER, EDUCACIÓN, GÉNERO, DERECHOS REPRODUCTIVOS, ESTEREOTIPOS, FEMINISMO, JÓVENES, COSTA RICA, SEXUALITY, WOMEN'S HEALTH, EDUCATION, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, STEREOTYPES, FEMINISM