Presencia de hongos y contaminación con micotoxinas en ensilajes para alimentación de rumiantes: Artículo de Revisión
Fecha
2015-06-01
Autores
Alpizar Solis, Carlos Ernesto
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Diversos estudios han identificado el crecimiento de hongos en forrajes ensilados para alimentar rumiantes domésticos, capaces de producir toxinas de importancia para la salud pública y animal.
El objetivo de esta revisión es recopilar los resultados de diversas investigaciones que identificaron hongos y micotoxinas con riesgo conocido en ensilajes de diversos materiales en varias regiones del mundo utilizados para alimentar rumiantes. En segundo lugar, describir las especies de hongos más comúnmente identificadas por diversos autores en alimentos ensilados para rumiantes, y los factores que favorecen su presencia y desarrollo, con la consecuente producción de micotoxinas. Por último, describir algunas medidas para prevenir la contaminación de los ensilajes con micotoxinas, y se muestra la necesidad de realizar investigaciones relacionadas con la presencia de micotoxinas en alimentos para rumiantes en Costa Rica.
Los principales efectos en rumiantes de las micotoxinas encontradas en los ensilajes se asocian a alteraciones reproductivas y del sistema inmunológico, así como del sistema digestivo. Los principales géneros identificados en los estudios revisados alrededor del mundo son Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp y Aspergillus spp. Diversos estudios reportan la contaminación de ensilajes principalmente con aflatoxinas (AFB1), fumonisinas (FB1), tricotecenos (DON, T2) y zearalenona. Factores como la presencia de oxígeno durante el ensilaje, la temperatura ambiental, el embalado y el manejo postcosecha de los forrajes tienen una importancia notable como facilitadores del desarrollo de los hongos y la consecuente producción de toxinas.
Several studies have identified mold growing in ensiled forage for domestic ruminant feeding, capable of producing important toxins for public and animal health. The main aim of this review is to create a compilation of the results of several studies that identified molds and mycotoxins of known risk in silages made from different materials in several world regions used for ruminant feeding. Secondly, this review describes the fungus species most commonly identified by several authors, and the factors promoting their presence and development, as well as the resulting mycotoxin production. Finally, some measures to prevent mycotoxin contamination in silages are described, and the need for further research regarding the presence of mycotoxins in ruminant food in Costa Rica is shown. The main health effects on ruminants of mycotoxins found in silages are associated with impaired reproductive and immunologic functions, and digestive system alterations. The main genera of fungi identified in studies around the world reviewed for this paper are Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp and Aspergillus spp. Several studies reported contamination on silages, mainly with aflatoxins (AFB1), fumonisins (FB1), tricothecenes (DON, T2) and zearalenonalarenone. Factors like oxygen present during the ensiling process, environmental temperature, packaging conditions, and post harvesting management are of remarkable importance as promoters of fungus growth and further mycotoxin production.
Several studies have identified mold growing in ensiled forage for domestic ruminant feeding, capable of producing important toxins for public and animal health. The main aim of this review is to create a compilation of the results of several studies that identified molds and mycotoxins of known risk in silages made from different materials in several world regions used for ruminant feeding. Secondly, this review describes the fungus species most commonly identified by several authors, and the factors promoting their presence and development, as well as the resulting mycotoxin production. Finally, some measures to prevent mycotoxin contamination in silages are described, and the need for further research regarding the presence of mycotoxins in ruminant food in Costa Rica is shown. The main health effects on ruminants of mycotoxins found in silages are associated with impaired reproductive and immunologic functions, and digestive system alterations. The main genera of fungi identified in studies around the world reviewed for this paper are Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp and Aspergillus spp. Several studies reported contamination on silages, mainly with aflatoxins (AFB1), fumonisins (FB1), tricothecenes (DON, T2) and zearalenonalarenone. Factors like oxygen present during the ensiling process, environmental temperature, packaging conditions, and post harvesting management are of remarkable importance as promoters of fungus growth and further mycotoxin production.
Descripción
Palabras clave
HONGOS, GANADO BOVINO, BOVINE CATTLE, COSTA RICA, MICOTOXINAS, RUMIANTES, FORRAJE, MYCOTOXINS, RUMIANTS, FORAGE