Propuesta de alternativas de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) para los sistemas lecheros de San Joaquín de Tuis, Turrialba, Costa Rica
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Fecha
2015-03
Autores
García Orozco, Karen Lineth
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El objetivo general del presente estudio fue contribuir al desarrollo de pequeños
productores ganaderos mediante la elaboración de una propuesta de alternativas de
reducción de GEI para los sistemas lecheros de San Joaquín de Tuis, Turrialba. La
primera parte del estudio se centró en la identificación y caracterización de tipologías
de producción mediante técnicas de análisis multivariado. Se aplicó una encuesta a 21
productores, en la cual se contemplaron variables de tipo ambiental, productivas,
sociales y físicas. Se identificaron dos grupos de producción representativos. El primero
un sistema con bajo nivel tecnológico, responde a fincas de bajos niveles productivos
con una mayor superficie ganadera, con escaso nivel tecnológico y poca aplicación de
Prácticas Silvopastoriles (SSP). El segundo representa un sistema de mediano nivel
tecnológico, integra fincas con mayores rendimientos productivos en menor cantidad de
área destinada a pastoreo, reciben asistencia técnica y adoptan prácticas sostenibles
en mayor medida. La segunda parte del estudio se enfocó en la construcción de un
modelo de simulación estocástico con la finalidad de estimar el balance (Captura Emisión) de las fincas de las tipologías previamente detalladas. Los resultados revelan
que la mayor emisión proviene del sistema con BNT con 34,4(±8,6) tonCO2e/año,
mientras que el grupo de MNT emite 28,6(±6,1) tonCO2e/año, logrando un balance
más eficiente y una mayor captura. Se evaluó el impacto potencial de implementar tres
estrategias de mitigación en la tipología de BNT que fueron: 1) Mejorar la estructura del
hato, 2) Incrementar las áreas de pasto mejorado y árboles en potreros, e 3)
Incrementar el área de bosque secundario. La opción 3 es la intervención de mayor
impacto sobre el balance, debido a que logra un superávit de 9,6 CO2e ton/año. Entre
tanto, las intervenciones combinadas alcanzan un superávit de 28,8 CO2e ton/año. Las
estrategias que combinan mecanismos que reducen los factores asociados a una
mayor emisión y, que a su vez, promueven los componentes asociados a una superior
captura tendrán más impacto que intervenciones unilaterales.
The main objective of this study was to contribute to the development of small livestock producers by creating a GHG reduction alternatives proposal for the dairy systems at San Joaquín de Tuis, Turrialba. The first part of the study focused on the identification and characterization of types of production through multivariate analysis techniques. A poll was administered to 21 producers, in which environmental, productive, social and physical variables were contemplated. Two representative production groups were identified. The first system, with a low technological level, belongs to farms with low production levels, an increased livestock area, a low technological level and no implementation of Silvopastoral Practices (SPS). The second one represents a system of medium technological level, it comprises farms with a higher production in lesser area for grazing; they receive technical assistance and adopt sustainable practices to a greater degree. The second part of the study focused on the construction of a stochastic simulation model in order to estimate the balance (Capture Emission) of the properties of the previously detailed typologies. The results reveal the larger emissions of CO2e come from BNT group with 34.4 (± 8.6) tonCO2e / year while the MNT system averages 28.6 (± 6.1) tonCO2e / year, achieving a balance more efficient and better catch. The potential impact of applying three strategies for GHG mitigation were evaluated: 1) Improve the structure of the herd 2) Increase the areas for improved pasture and adding trees, and 3) Increase the area covered by secondary forest. Option 3 is the intervention of greatest impact on the balance, because it achieved a surplus of 9.6 ton CO2e/year. Meanwhile, the combined interventions achieve a surplus of 28.8 ton CO2e /year. Which shows that the strategies that combine mechanisms that reduce the factors associated with an increased emission and, in turn, promote the associated components to a higher capture will have more impact than unilateral interventions.
The main objective of this study was to contribute to the development of small livestock producers by creating a GHG reduction alternatives proposal for the dairy systems at San Joaquín de Tuis, Turrialba. The first part of the study focused on the identification and characterization of types of production through multivariate analysis techniques. A poll was administered to 21 producers, in which environmental, productive, social and physical variables were contemplated. Two representative production groups were identified. The first system, with a low technological level, belongs to farms with low production levels, an increased livestock area, a low technological level and no implementation of Silvopastoral Practices (SPS). The second one represents a system of medium technological level, it comprises farms with a higher production in lesser area for grazing; they receive technical assistance and adopt sustainable practices to a greater degree. The second part of the study focused on the construction of a stochastic simulation model in order to estimate the balance (Capture Emission) of the properties of the previously detailed typologies. The results reveal the larger emissions of CO2e come from BNT group with 34.4 (± 8.6) tonCO2e / year while the MNT system averages 28.6 (± 6.1) tonCO2e / year, achieving a balance more efficient and better catch. The potential impact of applying three strategies for GHG mitigation were evaluated: 1) Improve the structure of the herd 2) Increase the areas for improved pasture and adding trees, and 3) Increase the area covered by secondary forest. Option 3 is the intervention of greatest impact on the balance, because it achieved a surplus of 9.6 ton CO2e/year. Meanwhile, the combined interventions achieve a surplus of 28.8 ton CO2e /year. Which shows that the strategies that combine mechanisms that reduce the factors associated with an increased emission and, in turn, promote the associated components to a higher capture will have more impact than unilateral interventions.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
INDUSTRIA LECHERA, TURRIALBA (CARTAGO), PRODUCTORES, GASES, EFECTO INVERNADERO, GREEN HOUSE GASES, TEMPERATURA ATMOSFÉRICA, DAIRY INDUSTRY, PRODUCERS, ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE