Alternativas de reciclaje para plásticos post consumo provenientes de un relleno sanitario como una opción ambiental para la reducción de los residuos plásticos
Archivos
Fecha
2014-10
Autores
Alfaro Avendaño, Rocío
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Este trabajo se desarrolló en el Relleno Regional Mecanizado Los Mangos, localizado en el distrito Barrio San José, provincia de Alajuela. Se determinaron las cantidades y los tipos de residuos plásticos domiciliarios que llegan a este relleno.
El muestreo de los residuos residenciales se realizó durante dos semanas, uno en la época seca y otro en la época lluviosa. Se tomaron muestras de los residuos depositados directamente por los camiones recolectores de cada municipio.
En total se muestrearon 26 camiones, de los cuales 8 (30,77 0/0) procedían de Heredia Centro, 5 (19,23 0/0) de Santa Bárbara, 3 (11,54 0/0) de Belén, 2 (7,69 0/0) de cada municipalidad de los cantones de Poás, Orotina y Grecia, y 1 (3,85 0/0), de cada una de las municipalidades de Carrillo, Ciudad Colón, San Pablo y San Rafael.
Se recolectaron 1685,9 kg de residuos, de los cuales 342,4 kg (20,4 0/0) corresponden a plásticos. Se observa además que el PE está en mayor cantidad, seguido por el PET, el PP y otros tipos de plásticos.
Se realizaron estudios de degradabilidad térmica de cada tipo de plástico muestreado y se compararon los resultados con los de las resinas vírgenes, lo que permitió determinar la composición de los materiales y predecir su estabilidad a temperaturas de hasta 1000 0C.
Entre las alternativas de reuso se recomiendan la fabricación de nuevas botellas PET y de fibras textiles o emplearse en la fabricación de fibras, láminas y piezas inyectadas, para el sector eléctrico y automotriz 0 despolimerizar el PET reciclado en sus dos componentes, y después repolimerizarlo, como resina virgen para la producción de embalajes de alimento, de muy buena calidad.
La mezcla de polietileno y polietilentereftalato, al igual que el polipropileno reciclado puede ser utilizada en la fabricación de madera plástica y tejas respectivamente.
This work was carried out at the Los Mangos Mechanized Regional Landfill, located in the Barrio San José district, Alajuela province. The quantities and types of household plastic waste that arrive at this landfill were determined. The sampling of residential waste was carried out for two weeks, one in the dry season and another in the rainy season. Samples of the waste deposited directly by the collection trucks of each municipality were taken. In total, 26 trucks were sampled, of which 8 (30.77 0/0) came from Heredia Centro, 5 (19.23 0/0) from Santa Bárbara, 3 (11.54 0/0) from Belén, 2 (7.69 0/0) from each municipality of the cantons of Poás, Orotina and Grecia, and 1 (3.85 0/0), from each of the municipalities of Carrillo, Ciudad Colón, San Pablo and San Rafael. 1685.9 kg of waste were collected, of which 342.4 kg (20.4 0/0) correspond to plastics. It is also observed that PE is in greater quantity, followed by PET, PP and other types of plastics. Thermal degradability studies of each type of plastic sampled were carried out and the results were compared with those of virgin resins, which allowed determining the composition of the materials and predicting their stability at temperatures up to 1000 0C. Among the alternatives for reuse, the manufacture of new PET bottles and textile fibers or its use in the manufacture of fibers, sheets and injected parts, for the electrical and automotive sector, or depolymerizing the recycled PET into its two components, and then repolymerizing it, are recommended. as virgin resin for the production of food packaging, of very good quality. The mixture of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, as well as recycled polypropylene, can be used in the manufacture of plastic lumber and tiles respectively.
This work was carried out at the Los Mangos Mechanized Regional Landfill, located in the Barrio San José district, Alajuela province. The quantities and types of household plastic waste that arrive at this landfill were determined. The sampling of residential waste was carried out for two weeks, one in the dry season and another in the rainy season. Samples of the waste deposited directly by the collection trucks of each municipality were taken. In total, 26 trucks were sampled, of which 8 (30.77 0/0) came from Heredia Centro, 5 (19.23 0/0) from Santa Bárbara, 3 (11.54 0/0) from Belén, 2 (7.69 0/0) from each municipality of the cantons of Poás, Orotina and Grecia, and 1 (3.85 0/0), from each of the municipalities of Carrillo, Ciudad Colón, San Pablo and San Rafael. 1685.9 kg of waste were collected, of which 342.4 kg (20.4 0/0) correspond to plastics. It is also observed that PE is in greater quantity, followed by PET, PP and other types of plastics. Thermal degradability studies of each type of plastic sampled were carried out and the results were compared with those of virgin resins, which allowed determining the composition of the materials and predicting their stability at temperatures up to 1000 0C. Among the alternatives for reuse, the manufacture of new PET bottles and textile fibers or its use in the manufacture of fibers, sheets and injected parts, for the electrical and automotive sector, or depolymerizing the recycled PET into its two components, and then repolymerizing it, are recommended. as virgin resin for the production of food packaging, of very good quality. The mixture of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, as well as recycled polypropylene, can be used in the manufacture of plastic lumber and tiles respectively.
Descripción
Alfaro Avendaño, R. (2014). Alternativas de reciclaje para plásticos post consumo provenientes de un relleno sanitario como una opción ambiental para la reducción de los residuos plásticos. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
RECICLAJE, RECYCLING, RESIDUOS DE PLASTICO, TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, QUIMICA INDUSTRIAL, INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY