Alternativas de encadenamiento productivo para fomentar el valor agregado en la producción de maíz en la región sur de Costa Rica
Fecha
2019
Autores
Jiménez Ureña, Francinie
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La economía costarricense en los últimos años ha cambiado las actividades principales que
aportan al crecimiento. Actualmente el mayor aporte al Producto Interno Bruto (PIB),
proviene del sector terciario (servicios), remplazando al sector primario (agricultura,
silvicultura y pesca). La producción agrícola nacional disminuyó considerablemente.
Específicamente de granos básicos; estos son relevantes para el consumo humano, debido a
que constituyen la base de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en el país.
En el país se producen granos básicos como el maíz, frijol y arroz en las zonas rurales por
pequeños y medianos productores (agricultura familiar), que en su mayoría se agrupan por
medio de cooperativas o asociaciones para tener un respaldo en la comercialización del
producto. El maíz es un cereal altamente nutricional incorporado a la dieta de los
costarricenses. Su producción en Costa Rica presenta un crecimiento desacelerado dejando
de producir hasta un 65% del total. Está se encuentra concentrada en dos regiones:
Chorotega y Sur. Siendo la región Sur donde se produce cerca del 40,7% del maíz a nivel
nacional en el período 2017/2018, según datos del Consejo Nacional de Producción (CNP).
Los principales factores que afectaron la producción nacional del maíz son los siguientes: los
efectos provocados por los cambios climáticos; incidencia de desastres naturales como el
huracán Otto, los altos costos de producción comparados con precios de compra bajos en el
mercado nacional y, por último, la poca competitividad de la producción nacional con
respecto al resto del mundo (precios nacionales elevados).
La producción de maíz en la Región Sur actualmente cuenta con cuellos de botella
importantes en el eslabón de la producción. El rendimiento de la producción es muy bajo por
hectárea sembrada, además es más barato para la industria que demanda este producto
importarlo de otras regiones como Centroamérica o países como México, Estados Unidos o
Argentina que comprarlo en el mercado nacional. Estos factores influyen en la concentración
del valor agregado en el eslabón de la comercialización, obteniendo mayores ganancias para
la industria.
Por lo cual, existe la necesidad de establecer encadenamientos productivos que contribuyan
a la generación de valor agregado en el eslabón de la producción, proporcionándole una
mejor y mayor participación a los productores locales dentro del funcionamiento sistémico
de la cadena, debido a que en la Región Sur no existe eslabonamientos en la producción de
maíz que fomenten el desarrollo económico del territorio.
El documento se encuentra conformado por cuatro capítulos: en el capítulo uno se encuentra
las secciones siguientes: los antecedentes de la producción y los casos de cadenas de valor
que se han desarrollado en el país; justificación de la investigación, el problema que existe en
la producción de este cereal, y los objetivos generales y específicos.
El capítulo dos, está compuesto por el marco teórico, que corresponde a los referentes
teóricos de las cadenas de valor y de los encadenamientos productivos. En el capítulo tres se
describe el marco metodológico en el cual se detalla cómo se abordará la investigación,
variables y métodos utilizados, así como el cronograma de trabajo.
En el último capítulo se desarrollará la conformación de la cadena de valor del maíz en la
Región Sur y las diferentes dimensiones: geográfica, institucional, y la estructura insumoproducto con la información que se recolectó en el trabajo de campo. Se abordarán las
conclusiones de mejoramiento al sector por medio de una estrategia para impulsar el sector
productivo del maíz
The Costa Rican economy in recent years has changed the main activities that contribute to growth. Currently the largest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), comes from the tertiary sector (services), replacing the primary sector (agriculture, forestry and fishing). National agricultural production decreased considerably. Specifically of basic grains; these are relevant for human consumption, due to that constitute the basis of food and nutritional security in the country. In the country, basic grains such as corn, beans and rice are produced in rural areas by small and medium producers (family farming), which are mostly grouped by means of cooperatives or associations to have support in the commercialization of the product. Corn is a highly nutritional cereal incorporated into the diet of Costa Ricans. Its production in Costa Rica shows slow growth, leaving to produce up to 65% of the total. It is concentrated in two regions: Chorotega and South. Being the South region where about 40.7% of the corn is produced at the in the 2017/2018 period, according to data from the National Production Council (CNP). The main factors that affected the national production of corn are the following: effects caused by climatic changes; incidence of natural disasters such as Hurricane Otto, high production costs compared to low purchase prices in the national market and, finally, the little competitiveness of the national production with compared to the rest of the world (high domestic prices). Corn production in the Southern Region currently has bottlenecks important in the production link. Production yield is very low hectare planted, it is also cheaper for the industry that demands this product import it from other regions such as Central America or countries such as Mexico, the United States or Argentina than to buy it in the national market. These factors influence the concentration of added value in the marketing link, obtaining higher profits for the industry. Therefore, there is a need to establish production chains that contribute to the generation of added value in the production link, providing a better and greater participation of local producers within the systemic functioning of the chain, due to the fact that in the South Region there are no links in the production of corn that promote the economic development of the territory. The document is made up of four chapters: in chapter one there is following sections: production background and value chain cases that have been developed in the country; justification of the investigation, the problem that exists in the production of this cereal, and the general and specific objectives. Chapter two is composed of the theoretical framework, which corresponds to the references theorists of value chains and productive linkages. In chapter three, describes the methodological framework in which it is detailed how the research will be approached, variables and methods used, as well as the work schedule. In the last chapter, the conformation of the corn value chain in the South Region and the different dimensions: geographic, institutional, and the input-output structure with the information that was collected in the fieldwork. Will address the conclusions of improvement to the sector through a strategy to promote the sector corn production
The Costa Rican economy in recent years has changed the main activities that contribute to growth. Currently the largest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), comes from the tertiary sector (services), replacing the primary sector (agriculture, forestry and fishing). National agricultural production decreased considerably. Specifically of basic grains; these are relevant for human consumption, due to that constitute the basis of food and nutritional security in the country. In the country, basic grains such as corn, beans and rice are produced in rural areas by small and medium producers (family farming), which are mostly grouped by means of cooperatives or associations to have support in the commercialization of the product. Corn is a highly nutritional cereal incorporated into the diet of Costa Ricans. Its production in Costa Rica shows slow growth, leaving to produce up to 65% of the total. It is concentrated in two regions: Chorotega and South. Being the South region where about 40.7% of the corn is produced at the in the 2017/2018 period, according to data from the National Production Council (CNP). The main factors that affected the national production of corn are the following: effects caused by climatic changes; incidence of natural disasters such as Hurricane Otto, high production costs compared to low purchase prices in the national market and, finally, the little competitiveness of the national production with compared to the rest of the world (high domestic prices). Corn production in the Southern Region currently has bottlenecks important in the production link. Production yield is very low hectare planted, it is also cheaper for the industry that demands this product import it from other regions such as Central America or countries such as Mexico, the United States or Argentina than to buy it in the national market. These factors influence the concentration of added value in the marketing link, obtaining higher profits for the industry. Therefore, there is a need to establish production chains that contribute to the generation of added value in the production link, providing a better and greater participation of local producers within the systemic functioning of the chain, due to the fact that in the South Region there are no links in the production of corn that promote the economic development of the territory. The document is made up of four chapters: in chapter one there is following sections: production background and value chain cases that have been developed in the country; justification of the investigation, the problem that exists in the production of this cereal, and the general and specific objectives. Chapter two is composed of the theoretical framework, which corresponds to the references theorists of value chains and productive linkages. In chapter three, describes the methodological framework in which it is detailed how the research will be approached, variables and methods used, as well as the work schedule. In the last chapter, the conformation of the corn value chain in the South Region and the different dimensions: geographic, institutional, and the input-output structure with the information that was collected in the fieldwork. Will address the conclusions of improvement to the sector through a strategy to promote the sector corn production
Descripción
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, PRODUCCIÓN AGROPECUARIA, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, COMERCIALIZACIÓN, COMMERCIALIZATION, MAÍZ, CORN