Hacia un mejoramiento genético sostenible
Fecha
2017
Autores
Vargas Leitón, Bernardo
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Editor
Universidad Técnica Nacional
Resumen
Desde tiempos antiguos, el ser humano ha domesticado distintas especies de animales con diferentes objetivos, ya sea para alimentación, trabajo, transporte, abrigo, entretenimiento, o simplemente
para compañía. Según los estudios más recientes, las cinco especies zootécnicas más abundantes bovinos, cabras, ovejas, cerdos y gallinas) fueron domesticadas en el periodo desde los 8 000 hasta los 6 000 años AC (FAO, 2015). Las especies domesticadas por el ser humano son pocas, solo 40 entre las 50 000 especies conocidas de aves y mamíferos (FAO, 2015). La especie más abundante son las gallinas, con un estimado de 21 867 millones de animales, seguida por los bovinos (1 485 millones), ovinos (1 169
millones), caprinos (996 millones) y cerdos (966 millones). La mayor parte de la población ganadera mundial se ubica en Asia (33%) y en Latinoamérica (27%). A partir de la domesticación, la selección natural realizada por el ambiente y la selección artificial ejercida por el ser humano, dieron origen a la aparición de las diferentes razas que se conocen actualmente, adaptadas para diferentes ambientes, con distintas características morfológicas y de comportamiento. El mejoramiento genético de las especies
zootécnicas se viene dando desde su domesticación. En un principio se realizó mediante métodos empíricos, basados en la simple observación. A principios del siglo pasado, el mejoramiento genético
tuvo un gran impulso, gracias a la proliferación de las asociaciones de raza, la implementación de los registros genealógicos, la aparición de la inseminación artificial y el avance en las metodologías de
evaluación (Blasco, 2006; Vargas Leitón, 2012).
Since ancient times, humans have domesticated different species of animals for different purposes, whether for food, work, transport, shelter, entertainment, or simply for companionship. According to the most recent studies, the five most abundant zootechnical species (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chickens) were domesticated in the period from 8,000 to 6,000 years BC (FAO, 2015). Species domesticated by humans are few, only 40 among the 50 000 known species of birds and mammals (FAO, 2015). The most abundant species are chickens, with an estimated 21 867 million animals, followed by cattle (1 485 million), sheep (1 169 million), goats (996 million) and pigs (966 million). Most of the world's livestock population is located in Asia (33%) and Latin America (27%). Since domestication, natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans have given rise to the appearance of the different breeds currently known, adapted to different environments, with different morphological and behavioral characteristics. The genetic improvement of zootechnical species has been taking place since their domestication. At the beginning, it was carried out by empirical methods, based on simple observation. At the beginning of the last century, genetic improvement had a great impulse, thanks to the proliferation of breed associations, the implementation of genealogical registries, the appearance of artificial insemination and the advance in evaluation methodologies (Blasco, 2006; Vargas Leitón, 2012).
Since ancient times, humans have domesticated different species of animals for different purposes, whether for food, work, transport, shelter, entertainment, or simply for companionship. According to the most recent studies, the five most abundant zootechnical species (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chickens) were domesticated in the period from 8,000 to 6,000 years BC (FAO, 2015). Species domesticated by humans are few, only 40 among the 50 000 known species of birds and mammals (FAO, 2015). The most abundant species are chickens, with an estimated 21 867 million animals, followed by cattle (1 485 million), sheep (1 169 million), goats (996 million) and pigs (966 million). Most of the world's livestock population is located in Asia (33%) and Latin America (27%). Since domestication, natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans have given rise to the appearance of the different breeds currently known, adapted to different environments, with different morphological and behavioral characteristics. The genetic improvement of zootechnical species has been taking place since their domestication. At the beginning, it was carried out by empirical methods, based on simple observation. At the beginning of the last century, genetic improvement had a great impulse, thanks to the proliferation of breed associations, the implementation of genealogical registries, the appearance of artificial insemination and the advance in evaluation methodologies (Blasco, 2006; Vargas Leitón, 2012).
Descripción
Palabras clave
BOVINOS, BOVINE, MEJORAMIENTO GENÉTICO, GENETIC IMPROVEMENT, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABILITY