Propuesta de mejora de los procedimientos de control logístico para la depuración de tránsitos terrestres nacional e internacional aplicados por la aduana de Limón, para la facilitación comercial en Costa Rica
Fecha
2024-04-17
Autores
Castillo Alfaro, Katherine Gabriela
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Resumen
Costa Rica, el sistema aduanero, enfrenta un desafío significativo en la gestión del régimen de tránsito aduanero nacional e internacional, que se refleja directamente en la población de viajes pendientes que a su vez se encuentran en aumento registrados por cada aduana del país. Esta situación impacta de manera notable a la aduana de Limón, donde se han identificado, 261 tránsitos pendientes, según el sistema Tecnología de Información para el Control Aduanero (TICA). La proliferación de estos tránsitos pendientes no solo impacta la recaudación de impuestos sobre las mercancías que se someten a este régimen, si no que tambien obstaculiza el flujo comercial e inclusive se plantean preocupaciones en términos de seguridad. Ante esta situación surge la necesidad de implementar medidas en la aduana de Limón para mejorar los controles y seguimientos aplicados que contribuyan a la depuración de los tránsitos terrestres nacionales e internacionales.
Para contextualizar adecuadamente la situación descrita, se exploraron conceptos claves asociados al control aduanero, el régimen de tránsito aduanero, la población de tránsitos pendientes, la depuración de tránsitos, las medidas de fiscalización y la facilitación del comercio. Esta investigación adopto un enfoque cualitativo-exploratorio, que se enfocó a comprender a fondo los controles y seguimientos relacionados con la depuración de tránsitos aduaneros, así como los desafíos vinculados con el cumplimiento del régimen de estudio. La elección de la Aduana de Limón como caso de estudio, se basó por la escasez de investigaciones previas sobre este tema en específico, tomando en cuenta además que esta aduana abarca tanto los ingresos marítimos como terrestre, manejando un volumen significativo de mercancías diariamente.
De la investigación realizada, mediante la aplicación de entrevistas a los principales sujetos que intervienen en el régimen de estudio y la indagación documental realizada, se detectó dentro de los principales resultados las debilidades a nivel de procedimientos del control y seguimiento del régimen de tránsito aduanero, así mismo los factores que propician al incumplimiento de los viajes pendientes relacionados con temas de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones, deficiencia en sistema informático TICA y deficiencias en procedimientos y comunicación por la aduana de Limón. Dando paso al planteamiento de modernización de los procesos de fiscalización aplicados actualmente, que a su vez contribuyan a la facilitación comercial.
Al concluir la investigación, se destaca la importancia de implementar cambios tecnológicos y organizacionales en la Aduana de Limón para mejorar la fiscalización y el control de los tránsitos terrestres nacionales e internacionales. Se identificaron debilidades en los procedimientos de registro, verificación y comunicación interna, junto con las deficiencias del sistema TICA. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de una mayor inversión política y económica en infraestructura de telecomunicaciones y capacitación para transportistas aduaneros. La combinación de modernización tecnológica y reestructuración organizacional puede simplificar los procesos, mejorar la eficiencia del flujo comercial y fortalecer la estrategia de facilitación del comercio en Costa Rica, facilitando la coordinación entre entidades gubernamentales y actores privados en el comercio internacional.
In Costa Rica, the customs system faces a significant challenge in managing the national and international customs transit regime, directly reflected in the increasing number of pending transit journeys recorded by each customs transit office in the country. This situation notably impacts the Limón customs office, where 261 pending transits have been identified according to the TICA system. The proliferation of these pending transits not only affects tax revenue on the goods subject to this regime but also hinders commercial flow and raises security concerns. Consequently, there is a pressing need to implement measures at the Limón customs office to enhance the applied controls and monitoring, contributing to the purification of national and international land transits. To provide adequate context for the described situation, key concepts related to customs control, the customs transit regime, the population of pending transits, transit purification, monitoring measures, and trade facilitation were explored. This research adopted a qualitative-exploratory approach, focusing on deeply understanding the controls and monitoring related to transit purification, as well as the challenges associated with compliance in the studied regime. The selection of Limón Customs as a case study was based on the scarcity of previous research on this specific topic, considering also that this customs office handles significant volumes of goods daily through both maritime and land routes. From the conducted research, through interviews with key stakeholders involved in the study regime and documentary investigation, weaknesses in the procedures of customs transit control and monitoring were detected, along with factors contributing to non-compliance with pending journeys related to telecommunications infrastructure issues, deficiencies in the TICA computer system, and shortcomings in procedures and communication by the Limón customs office. This leads to the proposal of modernizing the currently applied monitoring processes, contributing to trade facilitation. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of implementing technological and organizational changes at Limón Customs to enhance the control and monitoring of national and international land transits. Weaknesses were identified in registration, verification, and internal communication procedures, alongside deficiencies in the TICA system. These findings underscore the need for increased political and economic investment in telecommunications infrastructure and training for customs transporters. The combination of technological modernization and organizational restructuring can simplify processes, improve commercial flow efficiency, and strengthen the trade facilitation strategy in Costa Rica, promoting coordination between governmental entities and private actors in international trade.
In Costa Rica, the customs system faces a significant challenge in managing the national and international customs transit regime, directly reflected in the increasing number of pending transit journeys recorded by each customs transit office in the country. This situation notably impacts the Limón customs office, where 261 pending transits have been identified according to the TICA system. The proliferation of these pending transits not only affects tax revenue on the goods subject to this regime but also hinders commercial flow and raises security concerns. Consequently, there is a pressing need to implement measures at the Limón customs office to enhance the applied controls and monitoring, contributing to the purification of national and international land transits. To provide adequate context for the described situation, key concepts related to customs control, the customs transit regime, the population of pending transits, transit purification, monitoring measures, and trade facilitation were explored. This research adopted a qualitative-exploratory approach, focusing on deeply understanding the controls and monitoring related to transit purification, as well as the challenges associated with compliance in the studied regime. The selection of Limón Customs as a case study was based on the scarcity of previous research on this specific topic, considering also that this customs office handles significant volumes of goods daily through both maritime and land routes. From the conducted research, through interviews with key stakeholders involved in the study regime and documentary investigation, weaknesses in the procedures of customs transit control and monitoring were detected, along with factors contributing to non-compliance with pending journeys related to telecommunications infrastructure issues, deficiencies in the TICA computer system, and shortcomings in procedures and communication by the Limón customs office. This leads to the proposal of modernizing the currently applied monitoring processes, contributing to trade facilitation. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of implementing technological and organizational changes at Limón Customs to enhance the control and monitoring of national and international land transits. Weaknesses were identified in registration, verification, and internal communication procedures, alongside deficiencies in the TICA system. These findings underscore the need for increased political and economic investment in telecommunications infrastructure and training for customs transporters. The combination of technological modernization and organizational restructuring can simplify processes, improve commercial flow efficiency, and strengthen the trade facilitation strategy in Costa Rica, promoting coordination between governmental entities and private actors in international trade.
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Palabras clave
TRANSPORTISTA TERRESTRE, LAND TRANSPORTER, ADUANA, CUSTOMS