Propuesta de un índice de calidad de agua para ríos en Costa Rica
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Fecha
2015-10
Autores
Carrillo López, Diego Armando
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Se propone un índice de calidad para aguas de ríos de Costa Rica, elaborado a partir de consulta a expertos y análisis estadístico de datos obtenidos en la Cuenca Alta del Río Virilla por el Laboratorio de Manejo del Recurso Hídrico (LANRHI) de la Universidad Nacional, en el período comprendido entre los años 2001 y 2011, que represente las condiciones climatológicas, geográficas, antropogénicas y políticas de nuestro país.
Utilizando la metodología Delphi, por medio de dos cuestionarios sucesivos, se consultó a veintiséis expertos, que tienen relación con investigación y gestión del recurso hídrico. Simultáneamente, se realizó la aplicación de análisis estadístico a la base de datos del LAMRHI para la definición de parámetros prioritarios en la valoración de la calidad del agua y sus correspondientes pesos relativos. A partir de ese análisis se determinó que las variables demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO), porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno disuelto (PSO) y coliformes fecales presentan el mayor nivel de importancia para el desarrollo un índice de calidad de agua en Costa Rica; por otra parte, el potencial de hidrógeno (pH) y el cambio en la temperatura del agua (AT), fueron los parámetros que presentaron menor variación temporal e importancia entre los años 2001 y 2011.
A partir de estos dos insumos, se propuso el Índice de Calidad de Agua para Ríos, denominado ICA-R, que incorpora la DB05, PSO, coliformes fecales, nitratos, fosfato soluble total, amonio, turbidez y sólidos totales; cuyas curvas de función se determinaron mediante el uso del método de graficación matemático spline cúbico.
El análisis comparativo del ICA-R, el ICAFNS y el Índice Holandés, realizado con valores Obtenidos de un muestreo en cuatro ríos con diferentes niveles de contaminación, ubicación geográfica y condiciones climatológicas y del entorno, indicó que el ICA-R representa más eficazmente la calidad del agua de los ríos analizados por evitar el eclipsamiento de parámetros, alta sensibilidad en la forma de cálculo y optimización de parámetros de calidad del agua.
A quality index for river waters in Costa Rica is proposed, prepared from expert consultation and statistical analysis of data obtained in the Upper Virilla River Basin by the Water Resources Management Laboratory (LANRHI) of the National University. in the period between 2001 and 2011, which represents the climatological, geographical, anthropogenic and political conditions of our country. Using the Delphi methodology, through two successive questionnaires, twenty-six experts, who are related to research and management of water resources, were consulted. Simultaneously, the statistical analysis was applied to the LAMRHI database for the definition of priority parameters in the assessment of water quality and their corresponding relative weights. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the variables biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen saturation percentage (PSO) and fecal coliforms present the highest level of importance for the development of a water quality index in Costa Rica; On the other hand, the potential of hydrogen (pH) and the change in the water temperature (AT) were the parameters that presented less temporary variation and importance between the years 2001 and 2011. Based on these two inputs, the Water Quality Index for Rivers was proposed, called ICA-R, which incorporates DB05, PSO, fecal coliforms, nitrates, total soluble phosphate, ammonium, turbidity and total solids; whose function curves were determined by using the cubic spline mathematical graphing method. The comparative analysis of the ICA-R, the ICAFNS and the Dutch Index, carried out with values obtained from a sampling in four rivers with different levels of pollution, geographic location and weather and environmental conditions, indicated that the ICA-R more effectively represents the water quality of the rivers analyzed due to avoiding the eclipsing of parameters, high sensitivity in the form of calculation and optimization of water quality parameters.
A quality index for river waters in Costa Rica is proposed, prepared from expert consultation and statistical analysis of data obtained in the Upper Virilla River Basin by the Water Resources Management Laboratory (LANRHI) of the National University. in the period between 2001 and 2011, which represents the climatological, geographical, anthropogenic and political conditions of our country. Using the Delphi methodology, through two successive questionnaires, twenty-six experts, who are related to research and management of water resources, were consulted. Simultaneously, the statistical analysis was applied to the LAMRHI database for the definition of priority parameters in the assessment of water quality and their corresponding relative weights. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the variables biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen saturation percentage (PSO) and fecal coliforms present the highest level of importance for the development of a water quality index in Costa Rica; On the other hand, the potential of hydrogen (pH) and the change in the water temperature (AT) were the parameters that presented less temporary variation and importance between the years 2001 and 2011. Based on these two inputs, the Water Quality Index for Rivers was proposed, called ICA-R, which incorporates DB05, PSO, fecal coliforms, nitrates, total soluble phosphate, ammonium, turbidity and total solids; whose function curves were determined by using the cubic spline mathematical graphing method. The comparative analysis of the ICA-R, the ICAFNS and the Dutch Index, carried out with values obtained from a sampling in four rivers with different levels of pollution, geographic location and weather and environmental conditions, indicated that the ICA-R more effectively represents the water quality of the rivers analyzed due to avoiding the eclipsing of parameters, high sensitivity in the form of calculation and optimization of water quality parameters.
Descripción
Carrillo López, D. A. (2015). Propuesta de un índice de calidad de agua para ríos en Costa Rica. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
CONTAMINACION DEL AGUA, WATER CONTAMINATION, COSTA RICA, RIOS, RIVERS, CALIDAD DEL AGUA, ANALISIS ESTADISTICO, AGUA SUPERFICIAL, INDICES