La prensa comercial latinoamericana, ¿Instrumento de dominación global?: el caso de la operación Fénix
Fecha
2012
Autores
Fuchs Alvarado, Gustavo Javier
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La tesis de grado en Relaciones Internacionales con énfasis en Política Exterior y Diplomacia titulada
“La prensa escrita latinoamericana, ¿herramienta de dominación global? El caso de la Operación
Fénix” surge de la pregunta de investigación: ¿Se están utilizando los principales medios escritos
comerciales de América Latina para respaldar un proyecto geopolítico de dominación global a través
de los profundos cambios de la última década?
A partir de dicha interrogante, se propone una serie de herramientas analíticas para comprender los
distintos usos que la prensa comercial latinoamericana ha cumplido en diferentes momentos de la
historia contemporánea. En ese sentido, se identifica un uso – consciente o inconsciente – de ese
producto como una herramienta de política exterior que incide en el desarrollo de las Relaciones
Internacionales, y a la vez se centra en la dinámica de la política exterior de la potencia dominante que
mantiene un proyecto de dominación a nivel global: Estados Unidos.
Dentro de los objetivos del trabajo de investigación se indagó en los orígenes y la aplicación del
concepto de la propaganda y las operaciones psicológicas encubiertas en la política exterior
estadounidense; se analizó el papel jugado por los medios de comunicación en general y la prensa
escrita latinoamericana en pro de los intereses de esa nación, en especifico dentro de diferentes
momentos históricos de América Latina.
Se planteó el estudio del caso de la Operación Fénix como ilustración, debido al involucramiento de
tres actores principales cuyo papel y posicionamiento en el ámbito de las interacciones globales es
antagónico y representan agendas de política exterior conflictivas entre si. A su vez el caso presenta
complejidades que aún no han sido plenamente dilucidadas y permite indagar en un evento cuyas
repercusiones trascienden el espacio temporal en el cual se dieron los hechos.
Para responder a la pregunta que da origen a la presente investigación, se recurrió al análisis cualitativo
y cuantitativo de cinco diarios comerciales latinoamericanos, a partir de los cuales se evaluó la labor
periodística y la presentación de los hechos, así como se mantuvo en consideración los aspectos
simbólicos y la producción de identidad en torno al reporte publicado en la prensa comercial. A su vez
se contrastaron fuentes e informaciones en retrospectiva, permitiendo evaluar minuciosamente el
accionar de los medios durante el período en estudio, demostrando la existencia de un posicionamiento
claro a favor de uno de los actores del conflicto.
The undergraduate thesis in International Relations with emphasis in Foreign Policy and Diplomacy entitled "The Latin American print media, a tool for global domination? The case of Operation Phoenix" arises from the research question: Are the main commercial print media in Latin America being used to support a geopolitical project of global domination through the profound changes of the last decade? Based on this question, a series of analytical tools are proposed to understand the different uses that the Latin American commercial press has fulfilled in different moments of contemporary history. In this sense, it identifies a use - conscious or unconscious - of this product as a foreign policy tool that influences the development of International Relations, and at the same time focuses on the dynamics of the foreign policy of the dominant power that maintains a project of global domination: the United States. Within the objectives of the research work, the origins and application of the concept of propaganda and covert psychological operations in U.S. foreign policy were investigated; the role played by the media in general and the Latin American written press in favor of the interests of that nation, specifically within different historical moments in Latin America, was analyzed. The case study of Operation Phoenix was proposed as an illustration, due to the involvement of three main actors whose role and positioning in the field of global interactions are antagonistic and represent conflicting foreign policy agendas. At the same time, the case presents complexities that have not yet been fully elucidated and allows us to inquire into an event whose repercussions transcend the temporal space in which the facts took place. In order to answer the question that gave rise to this research, we resorted to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of five Latin American commercial newspapers, from which we evaluated the journalistic work and the presentation of the facts, as well as the symbolic aspects and the production of identity around the report published in the commercial press. At the same time, sources and information were contrasted in retrospect, allowing a detailed evaluation of the actions of the media during the period under study, demonstrating the existence of a clear positioning in favor of one of the actors in the conflict.
The undergraduate thesis in International Relations with emphasis in Foreign Policy and Diplomacy entitled "The Latin American print media, a tool for global domination? The case of Operation Phoenix" arises from the research question: Are the main commercial print media in Latin America being used to support a geopolitical project of global domination through the profound changes of the last decade? Based on this question, a series of analytical tools are proposed to understand the different uses that the Latin American commercial press has fulfilled in different moments of contemporary history. In this sense, it identifies a use - conscious or unconscious - of this product as a foreign policy tool that influences the development of International Relations, and at the same time focuses on the dynamics of the foreign policy of the dominant power that maintains a project of global domination: the United States. Within the objectives of the research work, the origins and application of the concept of propaganda and covert psychological operations in U.S. foreign policy were investigated; the role played by the media in general and the Latin American written press in favor of the interests of that nation, specifically within different historical moments in Latin America, was analyzed. The case study of Operation Phoenix was proposed as an illustration, due to the involvement of three main actors whose role and positioning in the field of global interactions are antagonistic and represent conflicting foreign policy agendas. At the same time, the case presents complexities that have not yet been fully elucidated and allows us to inquire into an event whose repercussions transcend the temporal space in which the facts took place. In order to answer the question that gave rise to this research, we resorted to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of five Latin American commercial newspapers, from which we evaluated the journalistic work and the presentation of the facts, as well as the symbolic aspects and the production of identity around the report published in the commercial press. At the same time, sources and information were contrasted in retrospect, allowing a detailed evaluation of the actions of the media during the period under study, demonstrating the existence of a clear positioning in favor of one of the actors in the conflict.
Descripción
Palabras clave
AMÉRICA LATINA, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA, GEOPOLÍTICA, GUERRA FRÍA, MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN, POLÍTICA EXTERIOR, RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES, COLD WAR, FOREIGN POLICY, GEOPOLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, LATIN AMERICA, MEDIA, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA