Calidad del agua superficial y presiones socioambientales en la microcuenca Poás
Fecha
2022-03-10
Autores
Centeno Morales, Jacqueline
Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Rolando
Marín León, Rolando
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Jorengeth Abad
Arce Villalobos , Kelvin Andrés
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Jorengeth Abad
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre la calidad del agua superficial en la parte alta de la microcuenca del río Poás y las principales presiones socioambientales que pueden alterar este factor. Para ello se realizó un estudio exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo, donde se identificaron las principales presiones socioambientales que experimenta el recurso hídrico en la zona. Además, se analizó la calidad del agua superficial a través de indicadores físicos, químicos y microbiólogos, para la aplicación de dos índices de calidad. Se encontraron seis presiones socioambientales de impacto negativo al recurso, materializadas a través de acciones puntuales ejecutadas desde el hogar y otras actividades de tipo socioeconómico. A pesar de que la evidencia mostró cumplimiento mayoritario de los parámetros analizados con los criterios de calidad sugeridos a nivel nacional e internacional, los índices revelaron niveles de contaminación incipiente, además de calidad buena y media. Estadísticamente, se encontró que la calidad del agua de la microcuenca no varía espacialmente; sin embargo, sí lo hace de manera temporal, debido a la incidencia de los patrones de lluvia en la zona. Este hallazgo, en conjunto con la determinación de correlaciones significativas entre los parámetros monitoreados, contribuyó a reconocer que los sitios analizados en época lluviosa mantienen mayor relación con parámetros asociados con contaminación orgánica debido a procesos de escorrentía y descarga de agua residual. Por tanto, se plantea la necesidad de coordinar esfuerzos que garanticen la sostenibilidad de la microcuenca, que mejoren la infraestructura sanitaria local, fortalezcan los procesos de gestión del agua y se dirijan al establecimiento de una red de monitoreo desde un marco de referencia con visión de cuenca.
The objective of this research was to determine the quality of surface water in the upper part of the Poás river micro basin and the main socio-environmental pressures that may be related to current quality indices. An exploratory study with a quantitative approach was carried out in which the main socio-environmental pressures experienced by the water resource in the area were identified, while the quality of the surface wáter was determined based on physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators, as well as the application of two quality indices. Six socio-environmental pressures with a negative impact on the resource were found and related to specific actions carried out in homes and other socio-economic activities. Despite the fact that the evidence showed overall compliance between the analyzed parameters and quality criteria used nationally and internationally, the indices revealed incipient contamination levels, as well as good and medium quality. Statistically, it was found that water quality of the micro-basin does not vary spatially; however, it does vary temporarily due to the incidence of rainfall patterns in the area. This finding, along with the determination of significant correlations between the monitored parameters, contributed to the recognition that the sites monitored in the rainy season have a stronger relationship with parameters associated with organic pollution linked to runoff and wastewater discharge processes. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate efforts that guarantee sustainability of the micro basin that improve the local sanitary infrastructure, strengthen water management processes, and are focused on the establishment of a monitoring network within a reference framework oriented towards basins.
The objective of this research was to determine the quality of surface water in the upper part of the Poás river micro basin and the main socio-environmental pressures that may be related to current quality indices. An exploratory study with a quantitative approach was carried out in which the main socio-environmental pressures experienced by the water resource in the area were identified, while the quality of the surface wáter was determined based on physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators, as well as the application of two quality indices. Six socio-environmental pressures with a negative impact on the resource were found and related to specific actions carried out in homes and other socio-economic activities. Despite the fact that the evidence showed overall compliance between the analyzed parameters and quality criteria used nationally and internationally, the indices revealed incipient contamination levels, as well as good and medium quality. Statistically, it was found that water quality of the micro-basin does not vary spatially; however, it does vary temporarily due to the incidence of rainfall patterns in the area. This finding, along with the determination of significant correlations between the monitored parameters, contributed to the recognition that the sites monitored in the rainy season have a stronger relationship with parameters associated with organic pollution linked to runoff and wastewater discharge processes. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate efforts that guarantee sustainability of the micro basin that improve the local sanitary infrastructure, strengthen water management processes, and are focused on the establishment of a monitoring network within a reference framework oriented towards basins.
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ALAJUELA (COSTA RICA), AGUA SUPERFICIAL, SUPERFICIAL WATER, RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, CALIDAD DEL AGUA, CARACTERISTÍCAS DEL SITIO, SITE CHARACTERISTICS