Riesgo moral en las operaciones crediticias en dólares y sus implicaciones en la estabilidad del sistema financiero costarricense
Fecha
2024-05-31
Autores
Jiménez Guevara, Yaritza
Reyes Rosales, Cristel
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La dolarización financiera se manifiesta en la combinación de monedas tanto en el ahorro financiero como en las operaciones crediticias, este fenómeno es una característica que se presenta en la economía de Costa Rica, que entre otras explicaciones tiene la divergencia entre la inflación y las tasas de interés domésticas y externas.
Este documento analiza ¿cómo el riesgo moral de las operaciones crediticias en dólares ha influido en la estabilidad del sistema financiero en Costa Rica en el periodo comprendido entre octubre 2006 y diciembre 2021?
El análisis que realiza el deudor en la valoración de una operación crediticia sea en colones o en dólares, parte de la comparación del monto de la cuota de ambas opciones expresadas en una misma moneda, en lo que incide de manera critica la expectativa de variación del tipo de cambio y en alguna medida, del riesgo moral que el deudor deriva en su percepción de la acotación de movimientos violentos en el tipo de cambio que el BCCR realiza al amparo de su Ley Orgánica.
Esta investigación estima la volatilidad del tipo de cambio, el grado de “tolerancia” del BCCR ante estas modificaciones y se valora sí esta variable contribuye con la dolarización de las operaciones crediticias del Sistema Bancario Nacional; ello como parte de un modelo econométrico para explicar este fenómeno; lo anterior para el periodo indicado, así como para subperiodos relacionados con la banda cambiaria y la flotación administrada. Finalmente se valoran algunos indicadores de estabilidad del Sistema Financiero Nacional y su vinculación con la dolarización del crédito, también se aproxima el costo de incrementar el blindaje financiero para el país, ello en el tanto que, un mayor acervo de reservas internacionales constituye un mecanismo de salvaguarda del sistema financiero ante eventuales crisis del sector, resultantes de la materialización del riesgo cambiario.
Financial dollarization is manifested in the combination of currencies both in financial savings and in credit operations. This phenomenon is a characteristic that occurs in Costa Rican economy, which among other explanations, the divergence between its domestic inflation and interest rates, along with their respective external values. This document analyzes how the moral risk of credit operations in dollars has influenced the stability of the financial system in Costa Rica in the period between October 2006 and December 2021? The analysis carried out by the debtor in the valuation of a credit operation, whether in colones or dollars, starts from the comparison of the installment amount of both options expressed in the same currency, in which the expectation is critically influenced by the variation of the exchange and to some extent, the moral risk the debtor derives from his perception of the limitation of violent movements in the exchange rate that BCCR carries out under the protection of its Organic Law. This research estimates the volatility of the exchange rate, the degree of “tolerance” of the BCCR towards these modifications and assesses whether this variable contributes to the dollarization of the credit operations of the National Banking System; as part of an econometric model to explain this phenomenon, the above for the indicated period, as well as for sub-periods related to the exchange rate band and the managed float. Finally, some indicators of stability of the National Financial System and its link with the dollarization of credit are assessed, also the cost of increasing the financial shield for the country is also approaching, as far as a greater stock of international reserves constitutes a mechanism of safeguarding the financial system against possible sector crises, resulting from the materialization of exchange rate risk.
Financial dollarization is manifested in the combination of currencies both in financial savings and in credit operations. This phenomenon is a characteristic that occurs in Costa Rican economy, which among other explanations, the divergence between its domestic inflation and interest rates, along with their respective external values. This document analyzes how the moral risk of credit operations in dollars has influenced the stability of the financial system in Costa Rica in the period between October 2006 and December 2021? The analysis carried out by the debtor in the valuation of a credit operation, whether in colones or dollars, starts from the comparison of the installment amount of both options expressed in the same currency, in which the expectation is critically influenced by the variation of the exchange and to some extent, the moral risk the debtor derives from his perception of the limitation of violent movements in the exchange rate that BCCR carries out under the protection of its Organic Law. This research estimates the volatility of the exchange rate, the degree of “tolerance” of the BCCR towards these modifications and assesses whether this variable contributes to the dollarization of the credit operations of the National Banking System; as part of an econometric model to explain this phenomenon, the above for the indicated period, as well as for sub-periods related to the exchange rate band and the managed float. Finally, some indicators of stability of the National Financial System and its link with the dollarization of credit are assessed, also the cost of increasing the financial shield for the country is also approaching, as far as a greater stock of international reserves constitutes a mechanism of safeguarding the financial system against possible sector crises, resulting from the materialization of exchange rate risk.
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Palabras clave
BANCO CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA, TIPOS DE CAMBIO, EXCHANGE RATES, POLITICA MONETARIA, MONETARY POLITICS, INFLACIÓN, INFLATION, DÓLAR, DOLLAR