Estudio cofilogenético de especies del género Hepatozoon con sus hospederos vertebrados e invertebrados
Fecha
2024
Autores
Matamoros Suárez, Raúl
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes representan una amenaza para la vida silvestre ya que pueden llevar a las poblaciones a la extinción. Un ejemplo es la enfermedad causada por las especies del género Hepatozoon sp. que infectan una gran variedad de hospederos vertebrados. Por tanto, es importante entender la coevolución de este patógeno con sus hospederos ya que los parásitos que coevolucionan por cambio de hospedero podrían ser más propensos a volverse emergentes. Para realizar estos estudios se requiere reconstruir y comparar las filogenias parásito-hospedero mediante secuencias genéticas correspondientes a marcadores moleculares para evaluar si ambas filogenias son congruentes. En la primera parte del estudio, se realizó una búsqueda en el GenBank de las secuencias genéticas reportadas para Hepatozoon, lo que evidenció que el marcador molecular más utilizado para identificarlos es el 18S ARNr con un total de 3154 secuencias, por lo que se seleccionó para efectuar el estudio cofilogenético. En la segunda parte de la investigación, se reconstruyó las filogenias del parásito y de los hospederos utilizando las secuencias 18S ARNr y cytB, respectivamente, para evaluar las relaciones cofilogenéticas mediante los métodos de PACo y ParaFit, y posteriormente estimar la frecuencia de los eventos coevolutivos mediante eMPRess. Se encontró que la evaluación global de la congruencia entre las filogenias de los hospederos del orden Carnívora, Rodentia y Squamata con los parásitos fue significativa (PACo: todas m2XY < 0.655, todas p < 0.001; ParaFit: todas ParaFitGlobal Statistic< 72.992, todas p < 0.007; todos R2 > 0.25). Además, eMPRess demostró que la congruencia se explica por el fenómeno de cambio de hospedero. Lo que pone en evidencia la capacidad de Hepatozoon spp. asociadas a ciertos órdenes de vertebrados para infectar a hospederos nuevos y simpátricos, lo que permite comprender la emergencia de la hepatozoonosis en ciertas zonas geográficas.
The emergence of infectious diseases represents a threat to wildlife as they can drive populations to extinction. One example is the disease caused by species of the genus Hepatozoon sp. that infect a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Therefore, it is important to understand the coevolution of this pathogen with its hosts, as parasites that coevolve with their hosts by host switching may be more prone to become emergent. These studies require reconstructing and comparing parasite-host phylogenies using genetic sequences corresponding to molecular markers to assess whether the two phylogenies are congruent. In the first part of the study, a GenBank search of the genetic sequences documented for Hepatozoon revealed that the most used molecular marker to identify them is 18S rRNA with a total of 3154 sequences, which was selected for the cophylogenetic study. In the second part of the research, the phylogenies of the parasite and hosts were reconstructed using the 18S rRNA and cytB sequences, respectively, to assess cophylogenetic relationships using the PACo and ParaFit methods, and subsequently estimate the frequency of coevolutionary events using eMPRess. We found that the overall assessment of congruence between the phylogenies of hosts of the order Carnivora, Rodentia and Squamata with the parasites was found to be significant (PACo: all m2XY < 0.655, all p < 0.001; ParaFit: all ParaFitGlobal Statistic < 72.992, todas p < 0.007; all R2 > 0.25). In addition, eMPRess demonstrated that congruence is explained by the phenomenon of host switching. This highlights the ability of Hepatozoon spp. associated with certain vertebrate orders to infect new and sympatric hosts, which helps to understand the emergence of hepatozoonosis in certain geographical areas.
The emergence of infectious diseases represents a threat to wildlife as they can drive populations to extinction. One example is the disease caused by species of the genus Hepatozoon sp. that infect a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Therefore, it is important to understand the coevolution of this pathogen with its hosts, as parasites that coevolve with their hosts by host switching may be more prone to become emergent. These studies require reconstructing and comparing parasite-host phylogenies using genetic sequences corresponding to molecular markers to assess whether the two phylogenies are congruent. In the first part of the study, a GenBank search of the genetic sequences documented for Hepatozoon revealed that the most used molecular marker to identify them is 18S rRNA with a total of 3154 sequences, which was selected for the cophylogenetic study. In the second part of the research, the phylogenies of the parasite and hosts were reconstructed using the 18S rRNA and cytB sequences, respectively, to assess cophylogenetic relationships using the PACo and ParaFit methods, and subsequently estimate the frequency of coevolutionary events using eMPRess. We found that the overall assessment of congruence between the phylogenies of hosts of the order Carnivora, Rodentia and Squamata with the parasites was found to be significant (PACo: all m2XY < 0.655, all p < 0.001; ParaFit: all ParaFitGlobal Statistic < 72.992, todas p < 0.007; all R2 > 0.25). In addition, eMPRess demonstrated that congruence is explained by the phenomenon of host switching. This highlights the ability of Hepatozoon spp. associated with certain vertebrate orders to infect new and sympatric hosts, which helps to understand the emergence of hepatozoonosis in certain geographical areas.
Descripción
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster Scientiae en Medicina de la Conservación con Énfasis en Salud Ecosistémica
Palabras clave
FILOGENIA, PARASITOS, ENFERMEDADES PARASITARIAS, VIDA SILVESTRE, PHILOGENY, PARASITES, PARASITIC DISEASES, WILDLIFE