Propuesta de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) como aporte para la reducción del riesgo por inundación en las comunidades de la Subcuenca Paquita y Cañas, Quepos, 2019
Fecha
2022-10
Autores
Rodríguez Arce, Irene
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Para visibilizar las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) en la reducción del riesgo de inundación
de la subcuenca Paquita y Cañas, se realizó una caracterización biofísica y socioeconómica para
comprender mejor el riesgo de inundación y las potencialidades naturales para abordarlo. Asimismo,
se valoraron las medidas actuales de reducción del riesgo (diques), mediante información técnica y
percepción social para definir su efectividad en la contención de inundaciones. A partir de esto, se
operativizaron Métodos Integrados de Gestión del Riesgo de Inundación (MIGRI) y se realizó un
análisis multicriterio para definir las medidas a priorizar como SbN. Como hallazgos se destacó que
las inundaciones fluviales son una amenaza natural de la subcuenca y que estos eventos responden en
mayor medida a las condiciones climáticas de sus partes altas, asimismo que la precipitación media
de la subcuenca está por encima de la media de la Región Climática Pacifico Central en la que se
encuentra. La subcuenca presenta gran cantidad de ríos en áreas de fuerte pendiente y suelos
erosionables que encausan caudales con grandes velocidades hacia las llanuras donde los suelos
acumulan sedimentos, se saturan rápido, favorecen los eventos de inundación fluvial y donde se
encuentran las comunidades. Asimismo, que los canales de riego y los dragados se ubican en el área
potencial de inundación sobre los ríos principales, considerándolos factores de vulnerabilidad que
pueden alterar el equilibrio en la carga, distribución de sedimentos y la respuesta de los ríos a las
crecidas. En relación con las medidas, los diques no resultaron efectivos en la contención de
inundaciones, lo que se asoció al empirismo y la ausencia de procesos técnicos y de la percepción de
las comunidades aledañas en su gestión. De las medidas propuestas, la restauración del paisaje forestal
en las partes altas y de la vegetación ribereña a lo largo de los cuerpos de agua principales resultaron
ser las más prioritarias. Asimismo, las SbN se consideraron costo-beneficiosas y costo-efectivas,
siendo más integrales y viables para la reducción del riesgo por su papel en la reducción de las
inundaciones y la mejora del drenaje.
In order to make Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) visible in flood risk reduction in the Paquita and Cañas sub-basin, a biophysical and socio-economic characterization was carried out to the Paquita and Cañas sub-basin, a biophysical and socioeconomic characterization was carried out to better understand the flood risk and the natural potentialities to address it. better understand the flood risk and the natural potentialities to address it. In addition, current flood mitigation measures were assessed, current risk reduction measures (levees) were also evaluated, using technical information and social perception to define their social perception to define their effectiveness in flood containment. Based on this, Integrated Integrated Flood Risk Management Methods (MIGRI) were operationalized and a multi-criteria analysis was carried out to define the most appropriate analysis was carried out to define the measures to be prioritized as SbN. The findings highlighted the following that river floods are a natural hazard in the sub-basin and that these events are more a response to the climatic conditions of the to a greater extent to the climatic conditions of its upper reaches, and that the average precipitation of the The sub-basin's average precipitation is above the average of the Central Pacific Climate Region in which it is located. is located. The sub-basin has a large number of rivers in areas with steep slopes and erodible soils erodible soils that channel flows with high velocities towards the plains where the soils accumulate sediments, saturate accumulate sediments, saturate quickly, favor fluvial flooding events and where the communities are located. communities are located. In addition, irrigation canals and dredging are located in the area of potential flooding on the main rivers. area of potential flooding on the main rivers, considering them as vulnerability factors that can alter the balance in the load balance, sediment distribution and the response of rivers to floods. response to floods. In relation to the measures, the levees were not effective in flood containment, which was associated with empiricism and the lack of technical processes and the perception of the surrounding communities in their the surrounding communities in their management. Of the proposed measures, the restoration of the forest landscape in the higher elevations and of the vegetation and riparian vegetation along the main water bodies proved to be the highest priorities. the highest priority. Likewise, BNS were considered cost-beneficial and cost-effective, being more comprehensive and feasible for risk reduction because of their role in reducing flooding and improving drainage. flooding and drainage improvement.
In order to make Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) visible in flood risk reduction in the Paquita and Cañas sub-basin, a biophysical and socio-economic characterization was carried out to the Paquita and Cañas sub-basin, a biophysical and socioeconomic characterization was carried out to better understand the flood risk and the natural potentialities to address it. better understand the flood risk and the natural potentialities to address it. In addition, current flood mitigation measures were assessed, current risk reduction measures (levees) were also evaluated, using technical information and social perception to define their social perception to define their effectiveness in flood containment. Based on this, Integrated Integrated Flood Risk Management Methods (MIGRI) were operationalized and a multi-criteria analysis was carried out to define the most appropriate analysis was carried out to define the measures to be prioritized as SbN. The findings highlighted the following that river floods are a natural hazard in the sub-basin and that these events are more a response to the climatic conditions of the to a greater extent to the climatic conditions of its upper reaches, and that the average precipitation of the The sub-basin's average precipitation is above the average of the Central Pacific Climate Region in which it is located. is located. The sub-basin has a large number of rivers in areas with steep slopes and erodible soils erodible soils that channel flows with high velocities towards the plains where the soils accumulate sediments, saturate accumulate sediments, saturate quickly, favor fluvial flooding events and where the communities are located. communities are located. In addition, irrigation canals and dredging are located in the area of potential flooding on the main rivers. area of potential flooding on the main rivers, considering them as vulnerability factors that can alter the balance in the load balance, sediment distribution and the response of rivers to floods. response to floods. In relation to the measures, the levees were not effective in flood containment, which was associated with empiricism and the lack of technical processes and the perception of the surrounding communities in their the surrounding communities in their management. Of the proposed measures, the restoration of the forest landscape in the higher elevations and of the vegetation and riparian vegetation along the main water bodies proved to be the highest priorities. the highest priority. Likewise, BNS were considered cost-beneficial and cost-effective, being more comprehensive and feasible for risk reduction because of their role in reducing flooding and improving drainage. flooding and drainage improvement.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Gestión Ambiental, con modalidad de Proyecto
Palabras clave
INUNDACIONES, FLOODS, RIESGO, RISK, CUENCAS HIDROGRÁFICAS, RIVER BASINS, CATÁSTROFES NATURALES, NATURAL DISASTERS, SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, SISTEMAS DE POSICIONAMIENTO GLOBAL, GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS, REGION PACÍFICO CENTRAL (COSTA RICA), EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGOS, RISK ASSESSMENT