Complejidad estructural de la vegetación de tres comunidades forestales en restauración a través de fotografías hemisféricas en Orosi, Costa Rica
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Fecha
2015
Autores
Rodríguez Corrales, Adrián
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Describir principios organizadores que gobiernan la dinámica ecológica a través de múltiples escalas espaciales y temporales, ha sido uno de los principales retos de la ecología de los ecosistemas. Debido a esto es muy importante implementar estudios que permitan detectar perturbaciones locales debidas a cambios en la complejidad estructural de la vegetación. La fotografía digital se ha transformado en una herramienta muy importante para realizar estos estudios, lo cual ha facilitado el análisis de éstos procesos, contribuyendo a su realización de manera más precisa, objetiva, sencilla y económica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la complejidad estructural dc la vegetación del dosel, por medio de fotografías hemisféricas, en tres comunidades forestales con diferente estado de restauración, como indicador ecológico para el manejo y conservación de bosques de altura media en Costa Rica. Para los dos periodos de estudio (2010 y 2013), se relacionó los Orientadores Ecológicos (OE: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI y r) con las variables Lumínicas (GSF y LAI), Estructural (AB) y de Riqueza de Especies (R) con el fin de detectar posibles tendencias, con sentido ecológico, que facilitara predecir la condición de la complejidad estructural de los sitios (Bosque, Cipresal y Tacotal). Se realizó un ACP con las siguientes variables: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI, r, GSF, LAI y AB, con el fin de obtener un componente principal (FI) que redujera la variabilidad de los datos y permitiera identificar las diferencias estructurales en la vegetación entre los sitios y su relación con la R para los dos periodos. Se obtuvo diferentes grados de correlación entre los OE, el LAI, GSF y AB. Para el caso de los OE con la R se observó una correlación negativa (2010, ME: -0.47, p<O.05, MIG: -0.40, p<O.05, r: -0.43, p<O.05•, 2013, ME: 0.45, p<O.05, MIG: r=-O.48, p<0.05, r: r= -0.44, p<O.05). Lo cual coincidió con estudios que han demostrado que estos OE Producen valores contradictorios en cuanto a la relación entre complejidad estructural e impredecibilidad de los ecosistemas. La integración en el ACP, tanto para el año 2010 (ME, r y MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.41, 0.40, 0.38, respectivamente) como para el 2013 (ME, r y MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.40, 0.39, 0.38, respectivamente) permitió discernir que los OE explican mayormente las diferencias en la complejidad de los tres sitios y su variación con respecto a los periodos. Se identificó como el Bosque se Separa de forma significativa del Cipresal y el Tacotal (F2, 107=69.53, gl=106, p<0.001) detectando cambios importantes en la interacción del modelo, lo cual demuestra que el análisis realizado detecta cambios en la complejidad estructural así obtenida a través del tiempo. En conclusión, los OE pueden identificar principios organizadores que gobiernan la dinámica ecológica a través de múltiples escalas espaciales y temporales, lo cual resulta de gran utilidad para científicos y tomadores de decisiones en aspectos relacionados con el manejo de los recursos naturales, y se destaca que su implementación en evaluaciones a largo plazo y largas escalas geográficas es prometedora.
Describing organizing principles that govern ecological dynamics across multiple spatial and temporal scales has been one of the main challenges in ecosystem ecology. Due to this, it is very important to implement studies that allow detecting local disturbances due to changes in the structural complexity of the vegetation. Digital photography has become a very important tool to carry out these studies, which has facilitated the analysis of these processes, contributing to their realization in a more precise, objective, simple and economical way. The objective of this research was to determine the structural complexity of the canopy vegetation, through hemispherical photographs, in three forest communities with different restoration status, as an ecological indicator for the management and conservation of mid-height forests in Costa Rica. For the two study periods (2010 and 2013), the Ecological Guides (OE: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI and r) were related to the Light (GSF and LAI), Structural (AB) and Species Richness variables. (R) in order to detect possible trends, with an ecological sense, that would facilitate predicting the condition of the structural complexity of the sites (Forest, Cipresal and Tacotal). A PCA was performed with the following variables: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI, r, GSF, LAI, and AB, in order to obtain a principal component (FI) that would reduce the variability of the data and allow differences to be identified. structures in the vegetation between the sites and their relationship with the R for the two periods. Different degrees of correlation were obtained between the OE, the LAI, GSF and AB. In the case of OE with R, a negative correlation was observed (2010, ME: -0.47, p<0.05, MIG: -0.40, p<0.05, r: -0.43, p<0.05• , 2013, ME: 0.45, p<0.05, MIG: r=-0.48, p<0.05, r: r= -0.44, p<0.05). This coincided with studies that have shown that these OE produce contradictory values regarding the relationship between structural complexity and ecosystem unpredictability. The integration in the PCA, both for the year 2010 (ME, r and MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.41, 0.40, 0.38, respectively) and for 2013 (ME, r and MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.40, 0.39, 0.38, respectively) allowed to discern that the SOs mainly explain the differences in the complexity of the three sites and their variation with respect to the periods. It was identified how the Forest Separates significantly from Cipresal and Tacotal (F2, 107=69.53, gl=106, p<0.001) detecting important changes in the interaction of the model, which shows that the analysis carried out detects changes in the structural complexity thus obtained over time. In conclusion, the SOs can identify organizing principles that govern ecological dynamics through multiple spatial and temporal scales, which is very useful for scientists and decision makers in aspects related to the management of natural resources, and it is highlighted that its implementation in long-term evaluations and large geographic scales is promising.
Describing organizing principles that govern ecological dynamics across multiple spatial and temporal scales has been one of the main challenges in ecosystem ecology. Due to this, it is very important to implement studies that allow detecting local disturbances due to changes in the structural complexity of the vegetation. Digital photography has become a very important tool to carry out these studies, which has facilitated the analysis of these processes, contributing to their realization in a more precise, objective, simple and economical way. The objective of this research was to determine the structural complexity of the canopy vegetation, through hemispherical photographs, in three forest communities with different restoration status, as an ecological indicator for the management and conservation of mid-height forests in Costa Rica. For the two study periods (2010 and 2013), the Ecological Guides (OE: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI and r) were related to the Light (GSF and LAI), Structural (AB) and Species Richness variables. (R) in order to detect possible trends, with an ecological sense, that would facilitate predicting the condition of the structural complexity of the sites (Forest, Cipresal and Tacotal). A PCA was performed with the following variables: ME, MIG, P, C, MMI, r, GSF, LAI, and AB, in order to obtain a principal component (FI) that would reduce the variability of the data and allow differences to be identified. structures in the vegetation between the sites and their relationship with the R for the two periods. Different degrees of correlation were obtained between the OE, the LAI, GSF and AB. In the case of OE with R, a negative correlation was observed (2010, ME: -0.47, p<0.05, MIG: -0.40, p<0.05, r: -0.43, p<0.05• , 2013, ME: 0.45, p<0.05, MIG: r=-0.48, p<0.05, r: r= -0.44, p<0.05). This coincided with studies that have shown that these OE produce contradictory values regarding the relationship between structural complexity and ecosystem unpredictability. The integration in the PCA, both for the year 2010 (ME, r and MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.41, 0.40, 0.38, respectively) and for 2013 (ME, r and MIG, FI eigenvectors: 0.40, 0.39, 0.38, respectively) allowed to discern that the SOs mainly explain the differences in the complexity of the three sites and their variation with respect to the periods. It was identified how the Forest Separates significantly from Cipresal and Tacotal (F2, 107=69.53, gl=106, p<0.001) detecting important changes in the interaction of the model, which shows that the analysis carried out detects changes in the structural complexity thus obtained over time. In conclusion, the SOs can identify organizing principles that govern ecological dynamics through multiple spatial and temporal scales, which is very useful for scientists and decision makers in aspects related to the management of natural resources, and it is highlighted that its implementation in long-term evaluations and large geographic scales is promising.
Descripción
Rodríguez Corrales, A. (2015). Complejidad estructural de la vegetación de tres comunidades forestales en restauración a través de fotografías hemisféricas en Orosi, Costa Rica. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSIDAD, BOSQUES TROPICALES, TROPICAL FORESTS, DEFORESTACION, TECNOLOGIA ESPACIAL, FOTOGRAFIA AEREA, ESPECIES, OROSI (PARAISO)