Control biológico de stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) en rastrojos de piña, con el parasitoide Spalangia endius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae) como parte del manejo agroecológico de plagas, en Pital de San Carlos, Costa Rica
Fecha
2018
Autores
Treviño Villalobos, Jairo
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias
Resumen
La piña, es una de las frutas tropicales de mayor importancia a nivel mundial. En
Costa Rica su cultivo genera importantes beneficios. Pese a esto, existen
cuestionamientos al cultivo, como la generación de brotes de mosca del establo
(Stomoxys calcitrans). El manejo de S. calcitrans se basa en controles químico, cultural
y etológico. Una opción para un manejo más sostenible de la mosca, es incorporar el
control biológico dentro del manejo agroecológico de la plaga, siendo el uso de
parasitoides una opción promisoria. Spalangia endius es un micro himenóptero, que
parasita pupas de moscas enterradas en los desechos, característica fundamental para
el control de la plaga en rastrojos de piña.
Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad de S. endius como
controlador biológico de S. calcitrans en rastrojos de piña dentro del manejo
agroecológico de la plaga y estuvo compuesta por cuatro experimentos, desarrollados
entre julio de 2016 y mayo de 2017 en la Finca Pital. El primer experimento consistió en
evaluar la mortalidad de S. endius por efecto de los insecticidas utilizados para el manejo
de S. calcitrans. El ensayo fue establecido con un diseño de tratamientos bifactorial, el
factor A fue el insecticida aplicado al rastrojo de piña (novaluron o etoprop) y el factor B
fue el tiempo entre la aplicación del insecticida y la liberación del parasitoide (0, 24, 48,
72, 96 y 144 horas). La mortalidad de S. endius provocada por etoprop, lo hace un
insecticida no recomendable en rastrojos donde se utilice este parasitoide, mientras que
por su nulo efecto tóxico sobre S. endius, novaluron podría ser usado en programas de
manejo agroecológico de S. calcitrans donde se incluya este parasitoide. El segundo
experimento se estableció con el objetivo de evaluar la profundidad a la cual S. endius
parasita pupas de S. calcitrans. Este ensayo se estableció con un diseño de tratamientos
bifactorial, donde el factor A consistió de la cantidad de adultos de S. endius liberados
(0; 10; 20; 30; 40 y 50 porciento de parasitoides por pupa de mosca presente dentro del
rastrojo) y el factor B fue la profundidad de la superficie de la piña triturada donde se
colocaron pupas de S. calcitrans (5, 10 y 15 cm). Debido a que en campo, las pupas de
S. calcitrans se encuentran distribuidas en diferentes profundidades, se estableció un
tercer ensayo, donde se liberaron diferentes porcentajes de adultos de S. endius en la
superficie de piña triturada (0; 10; 20; 30; 40 y 50 porciento de parasitoides por pupa de
mosca presente dentro del material vegetal) pero evaluando el efecto del parasitoide en mediciones repetidas a 5, 10 y 15 cm de profundidad. En ambos experimentos los
resultados indican que la liberación de adultos de S. endius en rastrojos de piña,
disminuye el porcentaje de pupas viables de mosca del establo. S. endius tuvo la
capacidad de encontrar, parasitar y desarrollarse en pupas de S. calcitrans que se
encontraban dentro del rastrojo de piña, aun hasta 15 cm de profundidad. El cuarto
experimento tuvo como objetivo evaluar una metodología de uso de S. endius como
control biológico de S. calcitrans, en condiciones de campo. Los tratamientos evaluados
fueron liberación y no liberación de S. endius. El parasitoide disminuyó la producción de
mosca del establo a la mitad. La investigación fue desarrollada bajo condiciones de alta
temperatura y precipitación constante. S. endius logró parasitar y desarrollarse en pupas
de S. calcitrans, bajo estas condiciones. Es recomendable desarrollar experiencias
comerciales con el uso de S. endius como complemento al manejo agroecológico de S.
calcitrans de Finca Pital y evaluar si S. endius tiene la capacidad de establecerse bajo
las condiciones agroecológicas presentes en las fincas piñeras. Además, esta
investigación debe extenderse a otros cultivos como banano, palma aceitera, café, cuyos
rastrojos pueden producir poblaciones importantes de S. calcitrans.
Pineapple is one of the most important tropical fruits worldwide. In Costa Rica, its cultivation generates important benefits. In spite of this, there are there are questions about the crop, such as the generation of stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks. (Stomoxys calcitrans). Management of S. calcitrans is based on chemical, cultural and ethological controls. and ethological controls. One option for more sustainable management of the fly is to incorporate biological control into agroecological biological control within the agroecological management of the pest, with the use of parasitoids as a promising option. parasitoids is a promising option. Spalangia endius is a micro hymenopteran, which parasitizes fly pupae buried in debris, a fundamental characteristic for pest control in ryegrass. control of the pest in pineapple stubble. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. endius as a biological controller of S. calcitrans in pineapple stubble within the agroecological management of the pest and was composed of four experiments, developed between July 2016 and May 2017 at Finca Pital. The first experiment consisted of evaluating the mortality of S. endius due to the effect of insecticides used for the management of S. calcitrans. The trial was established with a bifactorial treatment design, factor A was the insecticide applied to the pineapple stubble (novaluron or etoprop) and factor B was the time between insecticide application and parasitoid release (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours). The mortality of S. endius caused by etoprop, makes it an insecticide that is not insecticide is not recommended in stubble fields where this parasitoid is used, while its non-toxic toxic effect on S. endius, novaluron could be used in agroecological management programs for S. calciferous agroecological management of S. calcitrans where this parasitoid is included. The second The second experiment was established with the objective of evaluating the depth at which S. endius parasitizes S. calcitrans parasitizes pupae of S. calcitrans. This trial was established with a bifactorial bifactorial design, where factor A consisted of the number of S. endius adults released (0; 10; 20; 30). (0; 10; 20; 30; 30; 40 and 50 percent of parasitoids per fly pupa present in the stubble) and factor B consisted of the number of S. endius adults released. and factor B was the depth of the surface of the crushed pineapple where S. californicus pupae were placed pupae of S. calcitrans were placed (5, 10 and 15 cm). Due to the fact that in the field, pupae of S. calcitrans are distributed at different depths. S. calcitrans pupae are distributed at different depths, a third trial was established, where different percentages of S. endius adults were different percentages of S. endius adults were released on the surface of crushed pineapple (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent surface of crushed pineapple (0; 10; 20; 20; 30; 40 and 50 percent of parasitoids per fly pupa present in the plant material). The effect of the parasitoid was evaluated in repeated measurements at 5, 10 and 15 cm depth. In both experiments, the results results indicate that the release of S. endius adults in pineapple stubble, decreased the percentage of viable stable fly pupae. S. endius had the ability to find, parasitize and develop in pupae of S. calcitrans that were within the pineapple within the pineapple stubble, even up to 15 cm deep. The fourth experiment The fourth experiment was aimed at evaluating a methodology for using S. endius as a biological control of S. calcitrans under field conditions. biological control of S. calcitrans, under field conditions. The treatments evaluated were release and non-release of S. endius. The parasitoid decreased the production of production by half. The research was conducted under conditions of high temperature and constant precipitation. S. endius was able to parasitize and develop in pupae of S. calcitrans pupae of S. calcitrans under these conditions. It is advisable to develop commercial commercial experiences with the use of S. endius as a complement to the agroecological management of S. calcitrans from Finca Pital and evaluate if S. endius has the capacity to establish under the agroecological agroecological conditions present in pineapple farms. In addition, this research should be This research should also be extended to other crops such as banana, oil palm, coffee, whose stubble can produce important stubble can produce important populations of S. calcitrans.
Pineapple is one of the most important tropical fruits worldwide. In Costa Rica, its cultivation generates important benefits. In spite of this, there are there are questions about the crop, such as the generation of stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks. (Stomoxys calcitrans). Management of S. calcitrans is based on chemical, cultural and ethological controls. and ethological controls. One option for more sustainable management of the fly is to incorporate biological control into agroecological biological control within the agroecological management of the pest, with the use of parasitoids as a promising option. parasitoids is a promising option. Spalangia endius is a micro hymenopteran, which parasitizes fly pupae buried in debris, a fundamental characteristic for pest control in ryegrass. control of the pest in pineapple stubble. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. endius as a biological controller of S. calcitrans in pineapple stubble within the agroecological management of the pest and was composed of four experiments, developed between July 2016 and May 2017 at Finca Pital. The first experiment consisted of evaluating the mortality of S. endius due to the effect of insecticides used for the management of S. calcitrans. The trial was established with a bifactorial treatment design, factor A was the insecticide applied to the pineapple stubble (novaluron or etoprop) and factor B was the time between insecticide application and parasitoid release (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours). The mortality of S. endius caused by etoprop, makes it an insecticide that is not insecticide is not recommended in stubble fields where this parasitoid is used, while its non-toxic toxic effect on S. endius, novaluron could be used in agroecological management programs for S. calciferous agroecological management of S. calcitrans where this parasitoid is included. The second The second experiment was established with the objective of evaluating the depth at which S. endius parasitizes S. calcitrans parasitizes pupae of S. calcitrans. This trial was established with a bifactorial bifactorial design, where factor A consisted of the number of S. endius adults released (0; 10; 20; 30). (0; 10; 20; 30; 30; 40 and 50 percent of parasitoids per fly pupa present in the stubble) and factor B consisted of the number of S. endius adults released. and factor B was the depth of the surface of the crushed pineapple where S. californicus pupae were placed pupae of S. calcitrans were placed (5, 10 and 15 cm). Due to the fact that in the field, pupae of S. calcitrans are distributed at different depths. S. calcitrans pupae are distributed at different depths, a third trial was established, where different percentages of S. endius adults were different percentages of S. endius adults were released on the surface of crushed pineapple (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent surface of crushed pineapple (0; 10; 20; 20; 30; 40 and 50 percent of parasitoids per fly pupa present in the plant material). The effect of the parasitoid was evaluated in repeated measurements at 5, 10 and 15 cm depth. In both experiments, the results results indicate that the release of S. endius adults in pineapple stubble, decreased the percentage of viable stable fly pupae. S. endius had the ability to find, parasitize and develop in pupae of S. calcitrans that were within the pineapple within the pineapple stubble, even up to 15 cm deep. The fourth experiment The fourth experiment was aimed at evaluating a methodology for using S. endius as a biological control of S. calcitrans under field conditions. biological control of S. calcitrans, under field conditions. The treatments evaluated were release and non-release of S. endius. The parasitoid decreased the production of production by half. The research was conducted under conditions of high temperature and constant precipitation. S. endius was able to parasitize and develop in pupae of S. calcitrans pupae of S. calcitrans under these conditions. It is advisable to develop commercial commercial experiences with the use of S. endius as a complement to the agroecological management of S. calcitrans from Finca Pital and evaluate if S. endius has the capacity to establish under the agroecological agroecological conditions present in pineapple farms. In addition, this research should be This research should also be extended to other crops such as banana, oil palm, coffee, whose stubble can produce important stubble can produce important populations of S. calcitrans.
Descripción
Palabras clave
CONTROL BIOLÓGICO, PIÑA, PLAGAS, MANEJO AGROPECUARIO, AGRICULTURA ORGÁNICA
Citación
Treviño-Villaobos, J. (2018). Control biológico de stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) en rastrojos de piña, con el parasitoide Spalangia endius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae) como parte del manejo agroecológico de plagas, en Pital de San Carlos, Costa Rica. (Tesis de Maestría en Agricultura Alternativa). Universidad Nacional