Determinación de la sensibilidad a fungicidas de hongos asociados a la sintomatología de la muerte de corona en el cultivo de fresa (Fragaria x ananassa) en condiciones in vitro
Fecha
2024
Autores
Elizondo Sibaja, Brenda
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa D) en Costa Rica la fresa, representa una fuente de ingresos principalmente en zonas altas del país, donde se produce un desarrollo agrícola y económico producto de este cultivo. La producción en los últimos años se ha visto mermada por la presencia de diferentes plagas y enfermedades; entre ellas pudriciones de raíces, marchitamientos vasculares y pudrición de la corona de la fresa, la cual se caracteriza por síntomas de decaimiento acompañado de un amarillamiento y posterior necrosis de la corona. Para la realización del presente trabajo se muestreo la Finca el Fresal ubicada en el cantón de Vázquez Coronado 9°97´90,5”N83°98´81,7”W” en la provincia de San José que se dedica al cultivo de fresa, cuya altitud es de 1690 msnm. El aislamiento, identificación y evaluación de la sensibilidad a fungicidas de los patógenos aislados se realizó en el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional. Se lograron aislar tres patógenos de la corona de fresa: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum sp. y Pestalotiopsis sp., estos hongos fueron identificados con base en la morfología de su colonia, crecimiento de micelio y las características de sus estructuras reproductivas las cuales fueron idénticas a las reportadas para los hongos mencionados. Los estudios sobre la sensibilidad del patógeno a fungicidas son de suma importancia, ya que no existen en el país por tratarse de una enfermedad nueva y emergente. Se evaluó la sensibilidad in vitro mediante la técnica del cultivo envenenado de tres patógenos aislados de la corona de fresa mencionados con anterioridad a tres dosis (0.1; 1.0 y 10 ppm) de los fungicidas: metil tiofanato (Código FRAC1, Grupo químico tiofanato), oxicloruto de cobre (Código FRACM01, Grupo químico M), fosetyl-Al (Código FRACP07, Grupo químico etil fosfonato) utilizados comúnmente en el cultivo de fresa para el control de enfermedades. Los fungicidas utilizados resultaron altamente fungitoxicos a todos los aislados, destacándose metil tiofanato para el control de Colletotrichum sp. como el que obtuvo un mayor porcentaje (89.16%) de inhibición del crecimiento micelial (PIC). Los demás fungicidas tuvieron valores mayores a un 70% de PIC para los tres hongos fitopatógenos a excepción de metil tiofanato al ser evaluado sobre B. cinerea solamente logró un 69.46 de PIC. No hubo variabilidad ni diferencias estadísticamente entre las diferentes dosis de los fungicidas evaluados. Los resultados obtenidos determinan que los fungicidas evaluados logran inhibir el crecimiento de los patógenos evaluados en condiciones in vitro.
In Costa Rica, the strawberry crop (Fragaria ananassa D) represents a source for income mainly in highland areas of the country, where there is an agricultural and economic development as a result of this fruit. Production in recent years has been affected by the presence of different pests and diseases, including root rot, vascular wilt and strawberry crown rot, which is characterized by symptoms of decay accompanied by yellowing and subsequent necrosis of the crown. For the present work, the Finca El Fresal located in the canton of Vázquez Coronado 9°97'90.5 "N83°98'81.7 "W" in the province of San José, which is dedicated to strawberry cultivation, at an altitude of 1690 meters above sea level, was sampled. The isolation, identification and evaluation of the sensitivity to fungicides of the isolated pathogens was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory of the School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional. Three strawberry crown pathogens were isolated: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. These fungi were identified based on their colony morphology, mycelial growth and the characteristics of their reproductive structures, which were identical to those reported for the fungi mentioned. Studies on the sensitivity of the pathogen to fungicides are of utmost importance, since they do not exist in the country because it is a new and emerging disease. The in vitro sensitivity of three pathogens isolated from strawberry crown mentioned above to three doses (0.1; 1.0 and 10 ppm) of the fungicides: methyl thiophanate (Code FRAC1, chemical group thiophanate), copper oxychloride (Code FRACM01, chemical group M), fosetyl-Al (Code FRACP07, chemical group ethyl phosphonate) commonly used in strawberry crop for disease control was evaluated using the poisoned culture technique. The fungicides used were highly fungitoxic to all isolates, highlighting methyl thiophanate for the control of Colletotrichum sp. as the one that obtained the highest percentage (89.16%) of mycelial growth inhibition (PIRG). The other fungicides had values higher than 70% of PIRG for the three phytopathogenic fungi except for methyl thiophanate when evaluated on B. cinerea, which only obtained a 69.46% PIRG. There was no variability or statistical differences between the different doses of the fungicides evaluated. These results obtained determine that the fungicides evaluated were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogens evaluated under in vitro conditions.
In Costa Rica, the strawberry crop (Fragaria ananassa D) represents a source for income mainly in highland areas of the country, where there is an agricultural and economic development as a result of this fruit. Production in recent years has been affected by the presence of different pests and diseases, including root rot, vascular wilt and strawberry crown rot, which is characterized by symptoms of decay accompanied by yellowing and subsequent necrosis of the crown. For the present work, the Finca El Fresal located in the canton of Vázquez Coronado 9°97'90.5 "N83°98'81.7 "W" in the province of San José, which is dedicated to strawberry cultivation, at an altitude of 1690 meters above sea level, was sampled. The isolation, identification and evaluation of the sensitivity to fungicides of the isolated pathogens was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory of the School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional. Three strawberry crown pathogens were isolated: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. These fungi were identified based on their colony morphology, mycelial growth and the characteristics of their reproductive structures, which were identical to those reported for the fungi mentioned. Studies on the sensitivity of the pathogen to fungicides are of utmost importance, since they do not exist in the country because it is a new and emerging disease. The in vitro sensitivity of three pathogens isolated from strawberry crown mentioned above to three doses (0.1; 1.0 and 10 ppm) of the fungicides: methyl thiophanate (Code FRAC1, chemical group thiophanate), copper oxychloride (Code FRACM01, chemical group M), fosetyl-Al (Code FRACP07, chemical group ethyl phosphonate) commonly used in strawberry crop for disease control was evaluated using the poisoned culture technique. The fungicides used were highly fungitoxic to all isolates, highlighting methyl thiophanate for the control of Colletotrichum sp. as the one that obtained the highest percentage (89.16%) of mycelial growth inhibition (PIRG). The other fungicides had values higher than 70% of PIRG for the three phytopathogenic fungi except for methyl thiophanate when evaluated on B. cinerea, which only obtained a 69.46% PIRG. There was no variability or statistical differences between the different doses of the fungicides evaluated. These results obtained determine that the fungicides evaluated were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogens evaluated under in vitro conditions.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica con la modalidad: artículo científico
Palabras clave
COLLETOTRICHUM, FUNGICIDAS, FUNGICIDES, FITOPATÓGENOS, PHYTOPATHOGENS, ORGANISMOS PATÓGENOS, ORGANISMOS PATÓGENOS, CULTIVO IN VITRO, IN VITRO CULTURE, HONGOS, FUNGI, FRESA, STRAWBERRY, FRAGARIA, CULTIVO, CULTIVATION, ENFERMEDADES DE PLANTAS, PLANT DISEASES, HEREDIA (COSTA RICA), SAN JOSÉ (COSTA RICA)