La agrocadena de melón en Nicaragua y los factores determinantes de su desempeño competitivo.
Fecha
2003-11
Autores
Alemán Treminio, José Alejandro
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Dados los cambios en la esfera política que se presentaron en Nicaragua a inicios de la
década de los noventa, se realizaron esfuerzos que procuraron la inserción externa del
sector agrícola del país mediante la producción - exportación de Productos Agrícolas No
Tradicionales (PANT ́s). Para ello se llevaron a efecto proyectos que involucraban a
productores locales en la producción – exportación de estos bienes. El melón fue visto
como uno de los rubros con alto potencial generador de divisas, no obstante,
aproximadamente una década después de haberse orientado esfuerzos a su promoción e
inserción externa sus aportes a la economía nacional son poco significativos.
Dentro de este marco de referencia, se plantea la elaboración de la presente tesis cuya
finalidad es determinar las principales causas que condujeron al sector melonero
nicaragüense a su estado actual y plantear recomendaciones de política económica
orientadas a mejorar su desempeño competitivo en los ámbitos internos y externos. Para
cumplir tales propósitos se hace uso de los enfoques de Cadenas Globales de Mercancías
y Competitividad sistémica.
El enfoque de Cadenas Globales de Mercancías determina las cuatro dimensiones en que
se desempeñan los agentes dentro de la cadena global de melón: a) los flujos de la
estructura Insumo – Producto; b) la localización geográfica de la cadena y sus procesos;
c) la fuerza orientadora y d) la dimensión institucional y de políticas. Su comprensión,
análisis y detalle contribuyen a comprender la dinámica y la realidad del sector.
La perspectiva de la competitividad sistémica permite analizar al sistema económico a
partir de la interacción económica y social de los niveles meta, macro, meso y micro.
Dicho enfoque concibe la competitividad como la capacidad de un sector de generar
cambios de forma permanente a fin de participar con creciente eficiencia en mercados
internacionales globalizados y altamente interconectados.
Finalmente, el trabajo describe y analiza la situación actual del sector, propone
lineamientos de política sectorial orientados a mejorar su desempeño competitivo e
incentivar la inserción interna y externa de pequeños y medianos productores agrícolas
nicaragüenses.
The beginning of the decade of the nineties was marked by changes in the policy framework in Nicaragua. Efforts were made towards the insertion of the agriculture sector, via the production and exportation of Non-traditional Agricultural Products (PANT’s), in the international market. Projects that involved the local producers and exporters of such products were realised. Melon was viewed as the product with the greatest potential for the generation of foreign currency. However, one decade after efforts made for its promotion and insertion in the international market, its contribution to the national economy is very insignificant. In light of this scenario, the objective of this thesis is to determine the main causes that contributed the Nicaragua melon sector’s current state. In addition, economic policy recommendations for the improvement of the sector’s competitiveness in the local and international spheres will be proposed. The approaches used to realise these objectives are the Global Commodity Chain and Systemic Competitiveness. The Global Commodity Chain approach determines the four dimensions in which the actors operate in the global melon chain: a) the flows from the structure Raw Material-Product; b) the geographic location of the chain and its processes; c) the driving force and d) the institutional and policy dimension. This detailed analysis fosters greater appreciation and understanding of the dynamic and reality of the sector. The systemic competitiveness perspective permits the analysis of the economic system based on the economic and social interactions at the meta, macro, meso and micro levels. This focus perceives competitiveness as the sector’s capacity to generate permanent changes, which will promote increasing efficiency in globalised international markets, which are highly interconnected. Finally, the study describes and analyses the current situation of the sector. It also proposes sector policy guidelines, which are directed towards the improvement of its competitiveness, as well as to encourage the insertion of Nicaragua small and medium sized agricultural producers in the local and international arena.
The beginning of the decade of the nineties was marked by changes in the policy framework in Nicaragua. Efforts were made towards the insertion of the agriculture sector, via the production and exportation of Non-traditional Agricultural Products (PANT’s), in the international market. Projects that involved the local producers and exporters of such products were realised. Melon was viewed as the product with the greatest potential for the generation of foreign currency. However, one decade after efforts made for its promotion and insertion in the international market, its contribution to the national economy is very insignificant. In light of this scenario, the objective of this thesis is to determine the main causes that contributed the Nicaragua melon sector’s current state. In addition, economic policy recommendations for the improvement of the sector’s competitiveness in the local and international spheres will be proposed. The approaches used to realise these objectives are the Global Commodity Chain and Systemic Competitiveness. The Global Commodity Chain approach determines the four dimensions in which the actors operate in the global melon chain: a) the flows from the structure Raw Material-Product; b) the geographic location of the chain and its processes; c) the driving force and d) the institutional and policy dimension. This detailed analysis fosters greater appreciation and understanding of the dynamic and reality of the sector. The systemic competitiveness perspective permits the analysis of the economic system based on the economic and social interactions at the meta, macro, meso and micro levels. This focus perceives competitiveness as the sector’s capacity to generate permanent changes, which will promote increasing efficiency in globalised international markets, which are highly interconnected. Finally, the study describes and analyses the current situation of the sector. It also proposes sector policy guidelines, which are directed towards the improvement of its competitiveness, as well as to encourage the insertion of Nicaragua small and medium sized agricultural producers in the local and international arena.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MELON, NICARAGUA, PRODUCCIÓN, EXPORTACIÓN, ECONOMÍA