Determinación de la utilidad de polipropileno reutilizado como matriz de un material compuesto con fibra de rastrojo de piña (Ananas Comusus) y un agente compatibilizante
Fecha
2011-03
Autores
Barrantes Vargas, Federico
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El uso de una gran cantidad de materiales plásticos posteriormente convertidos en desechos, ocasiona un grave problema de contaminación a nivel mundial y nuestro país no es la excepción. Por otro lado, las industrias en Costa Rica generan una gran cantidad de desechos, la mayoría de ellos correspondientes al sector agrícola. El cuidado por el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales han incentivado e impulsado el reciclaje en los últimos años, disminuyendo el impacto ecológico y promoviendo la generación de nuevos materiales e industrias.
La elaboración de productos de madera plástica brinda una gran oportunidad para su utilización cuando son obtenidos mediante fibras y uso de aditivos para mejorar la compatibilidad entre la resina y la fibra celulósica. Como matriz se pueden mencionar los diferentes tipos de plásticos más comunes y la fibra como refuerzo se puede obtener del aserrín, rastrojo de piña, bagazo de la caña, corteza de palmito, entre otros.
Esta investigación pretende evaluar la viabilidad de una matriz de polipropileno en un material compuesto con fibra de rastrojo de piña y un compatibilizante. Para esto se obtienen y analizan materiales compuestos con cantidades variables de polipropileno virgen (PPV) y polipropileno reutilizado (PPR), reforzados con fibras de material de desecho biomásico lignocelulósico como el rastrojo de piña. Debido a la incompatibilidad existente entre la matriz hidrofóbica y el refuerzo hidrofílico se utilizó un material compatibilizante llamado PPMA, el cual es un copolímero de polipropileno con anhídrido maleico.
Dentro de las variables a analizar se encuentra la cantidad necesaria de fibra de rastrojo de piña en la mezcla. Para esto se prepararon distintas mezclas con contenidos desde 10% hasta 40% de rastrojo, matrices fijas de PPV y 2% de PPMA como compatibilizante. Para su evaluación y análisis de resultados se realizó un estudio de flexión en tres puntos arrojando los mejores resultados en la mezcla con 25% de rastrojo de piña. Este porcentaje se fijó para posteriores análisis donde la variable fue la matriz de polipropileno.
Para las nuevas mezclas de materiales compuestos se variaron las cantidades de PPR y PPV de la siguiente forma: O, 25, 50, 75 y 100%. En este caso se evaluaron propiedades físicas, mecánicas, térmicas y microscópicas, obteniendo resultados interesantes. En cuanto a la absorción de agua y la densidad aparente las diferencias en los resultados son muy pequeñas y no se da un efecto negativo del PPR como matriz en el composite. Para análisis mecánicos de flexión y tensión se da una tendencia similar en ambos, con la mezcla 18PPV-55PPR-25R-A (75% PPR en la matriz) como la de mejores resultados.
Una calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y un análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) se utilizaron para indagar las propiedades térmicas de estos materiales, donde se observaron resultados muy similares en ambos estudios. De nuevo, como en los anteriores análisis, la variable PPR en las mezclas no afecta de forma negativa las propiedades del material final y por el contrario en algunos casos brinda resultados incluso mejores que con porcentajes mayores de PPV.
En el estudio microscópico por Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM), comparando las cinco fotografías de las muestras, en todas se observan huecos y fibras amontonadas y sueltas, confirmando la incompatibilidad que existe entre la matriz y la fibra. Sin embargo, a la hora de analizar la superficie de fractura por tensión de una muestra con y sin compatibilizante, se observan diferencias considerables en las interacciones fibra-matriz en ambos materiales. Se da una mejor adhesión interfacial debido a la formación de enlaces químicos entre la fibra y el PPMA.
Del mismo modo, se observan mejores resultados en la mayoría de los análisis mencionados anteriormente cuando se comparan muestras con y sin compatibilizante, apoyando la utilización de este tipo de material en los composites.
The use of a large amount of plastic materials later converted into waste, causes a serious pollution problem worldwide and our country is no exception. On the other hand, industries in Costa Rica generate a large amount of waste, most of it corresponding to the agricultural sector. Care for the environment and natural resources have encouraged and promoted recycling in recent years, reducing the ecological impact and promoting the generation of new materials and industries. The elaboration of plastic wood products offers a great opportunity for their use when they are obtained through fibers and the use of additives to improve the compatibility between the resin and the cellulosic fiber. As a matrix, we can mention the different types of most common plastics and the fiber as reinforcement can be obtained from sawdust, pineapple stubble, sugarcane bagasse, heart of palm bark, among others. This research aims to evaluate the viability of a polypropylene matrix in a composite material with pineapple stubble fiber and a compatibilizer. For this, composite materials with variable amounts of virgin polypropylene (PPV) and reused polypropylene (PPR) are obtained and analyzed, reinforced with fibers from lignocellulosic biomass waste material such as pineapple stubble. Due to the incompatibility between the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic reinforcement, a compatibilizing material called PPMA was used, which is a copolymer of polypropylene with maleic anhydride. Among the variables to be analyzed is the necessary amount of pineapple stubble fiber in the mixture. For this, different mixtures were prepared with contents from 10% to 40% of stubble, fixed matrices of PPV and 2% of PPMA as a compatibilizer. For its evaluation and analysis of results, a bending study was carried out at three points, yielding the best results in the mixture with 25% pineapple stubble. This percentage was fixed for later analyzes where the variable was the polypropylene matrix. For the new mixtures of composite materials, the amounts of PPR and PPV were varied as follows: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. In this case, physical, mechanical, thermal and microscopic properties were evaluated, obtaining interesting results. Regarding water absorption and apparent density, the differences in the results are very small and there is no negative effect of PPR as a matrix in the composite. For mechanical analysis of bending and stress, there is a similar tendency in both, with the mixture 18PPV-55PPR-25R-A (75% PPR in the matrix) as the one with the best results. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the thermal properties of these materials, where very similar results were observed in both studies. Again, as in the previous analyses, the PPR variable in the mixtures does not negatively affect the properties of the final material and, on the contrary, in some cases it provides even better results than with higher percentages of PPV. In the microscopic study by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), comparing the five photographs of the samples, gaps and piled up and loose fibers are observed in all of them, confirming the incompatibility that exists between the matrix and the fiber. However, when analyzing the stress fracture surface of a sample with and without compatibilizer, considerable differences are observed in the fiber-matrix interactions in both materials. Better interfacial adhesion occurs due to the formation of chemical bonds between the fiber and the PPMA. In the same way, better results are observed in most of the analyzes mentioned above when comparing samples with and without compatibilizer, supporting the use of this type of material in composites.
The use of a large amount of plastic materials later converted into waste, causes a serious pollution problem worldwide and our country is no exception. On the other hand, industries in Costa Rica generate a large amount of waste, most of it corresponding to the agricultural sector. Care for the environment and natural resources have encouraged and promoted recycling in recent years, reducing the ecological impact and promoting the generation of new materials and industries. The elaboration of plastic wood products offers a great opportunity for their use when they are obtained through fibers and the use of additives to improve the compatibility between the resin and the cellulosic fiber. As a matrix, we can mention the different types of most common plastics and the fiber as reinforcement can be obtained from sawdust, pineapple stubble, sugarcane bagasse, heart of palm bark, among others. This research aims to evaluate the viability of a polypropylene matrix in a composite material with pineapple stubble fiber and a compatibilizer. For this, composite materials with variable amounts of virgin polypropylene (PPV) and reused polypropylene (PPR) are obtained and analyzed, reinforced with fibers from lignocellulosic biomass waste material such as pineapple stubble. Due to the incompatibility between the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic reinforcement, a compatibilizing material called PPMA was used, which is a copolymer of polypropylene with maleic anhydride. Among the variables to be analyzed is the necessary amount of pineapple stubble fiber in the mixture. For this, different mixtures were prepared with contents from 10% to 40% of stubble, fixed matrices of PPV and 2% of PPMA as a compatibilizer. For its evaluation and analysis of results, a bending study was carried out at three points, yielding the best results in the mixture with 25% pineapple stubble. This percentage was fixed for later analyzes where the variable was the polypropylene matrix. For the new mixtures of composite materials, the amounts of PPR and PPV were varied as follows: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. In this case, physical, mechanical, thermal and microscopic properties were evaluated, obtaining interesting results. Regarding water absorption and apparent density, the differences in the results are very small and there is no negative effect of PPR as a matrix in the composite. For mechanical analysis of bending and stress, there is a similar tendency in both, with the mixture 18PPV-55PPR-25R-A (75% PPR in the matrix) as the one with the best results. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the thermal properties of these materials, where very similar results were observed in both studies. Again, as in the previous analyses, the PPR variable in the mixtures does not negatively affect the properties of the final material and, on the contrary, in some cases it provides even better results than with higher percentages of PPV. In the microscopic study by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), comparing the five photographs of the samples, gaps and piled up and loose fibers are observed in all of them, confirming the incompatibility that exists between the matrix and the fiber. However, when analyzing the stress fracture surface of a sample with and without compatibilizer, considerable differences are observed in the fiber-matrix interactions in both materials. Better interfacial adhesion occurs due to the formation of chemical bonds between the fiber and the PPMA. In the same way, better results are observed in most of the analyzes mentioned above when comparing samples with and without compatibilizer, supporting the use of this type of material in composites.
Descripción
Barrantes Vargas, F. (2011). Determinación de la utilidad de polipropileno reutilizado como matriz de un material compuesto con fibra de rastrojo de piña (Ananas Comusus) y un agente compatibilizante. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
POLIMEROS, POLYMERS, FIBRAS NATURALES, RESIDUOS ORGANICOS, ORGANIC WASTE, ANANAS COMOSUS, RECICLAJE, PLASTICOS, PIÑA, CONTAMINACION