Exoneraciones a plaguicidas de uso agrícola en Costa Rica: evaluación del impacto en los ingresos Fiscales (1999-2003)
Fecha
2008-10
Autores
Fonseca Sibaja, Asdrubal José
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En Costa Rica, el tema de sobreuso de plaguicidas está asociado a múltiples factores
según diversos investigadores. No obstante, la aplicación de incentivos como las exoneraciones continúa como una política general de apoyo al sector productivo, pero no diferenciada, ni selectiva conforme a los resultados fiscales.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar los impactos previsibles de una posible disminución de las exoneraciones de los plaguicidas de uso agrícola en los ingresos fiscales, se estructura a partir de una identificación y cuantificación del impacto
fiscal, así como la sensibilización del impacto según cambios en la demanda de importaciones de plaguicidas a nivel general y para un grupo específico de plaguicidas.
En primer lugar se demuestra que con base en la demanda de importaciones de plaguicidas estos son muy sensibles a cambios en los precios. En segundo término, los resultados obtenidos muestran que existen diferentes coeficientes de elasticidad precio de la demanda de importaciones de plaguicidas, lo cual permite establecer la necesidad de una diferenciación en el esquema impositivo en función de dichas elasticidades. El impacto fiscal es menor en aquellos plaguicidas de uso agrícola que tienen una elasticidad precio de la demanda mayor que 1. En tercer lugar, se señalan recomendaciones de política fiscal orientadas a establecer una política diferenciada y acorde con objetivos de restricción fiscal y ambiental.
Finalmente, un resultado predominante según los distintos escenarios en los que se
disminuyen las exoneraciones: el impacto fiscal es proporcionalmente mayor en los plaguicidas químicos de mayor toxicidad, con respecto a los plaguicidas biológicos, y a todos los plaguicidas a nivel general cuando no hay selectividad en la política.
In Costa Rica, the topic about the use in excess of pesticides is related to different factors according some researchers. But, the application of incentives like the exemptions goes on a general policy to hold on the productive sector, but not dissimilar, not discriminatory in attention to fiscal goals and the enterprises competitive. The present study has the objective to evaluate the impacts likely of the possible decrease of the exemptions of the pesticides in the agricultural sector in the fiscal incomes, it getting structure as of the identifying and quantifying of the fiscal impact, as well as the sensibility of the impact conform the changes in the import demand of the pesticides at general level and for a specific group of pesticides. First, the study shows that the pesticides imports demand are very sensitive to the changes in the prices. Second, the getting results shows what there are different demand elasticity prices coefficients of pesticides import demand, that permit sets the needs of a different in the tax scheme in those elasticity views. The fiscal impact is more small in those agricultural pesticides that have a demand price elasticity mayor that 1. Third, the study describes fiscal policy recommendations follows to set a different policy to subject with the fiscal and environmental restrictions. Finally, a predominant response it according to the different scenes when to reduce the exemptions: the fiscal impact is proportional higher in the chemicals pesticides of upper toxicity than de biological pesticides and the general pesticides when there isn’t a focus policy
In Costa Rica, the topic about the use in excess of pesticides is related to different factors according some researchers. But, the application of incentives like the exemptions goes on a general policy to hold on the productive sector, but not dissimilar, not discriminatory in attention to fiscal goals and the enterprises competitive. The present study has the objective to evaluate the impacts likely of the possible decrease of the exemptions of the pesticides in the agricultural sector in the fiscal incomes, it getting structure as of the identifying and quantifying of the fiscal impact, as well as the sensibility of the impact conform the changes in the import demand of the pesticides at general level and for a specific group of pesticides. First, the study shows that the pesticides imports demand are very sensitive to the changes in the prices. Second, the getting results shows what there are different demand elasticity prices coefficients of pesticides import demand, that permit sets the needs of a different in the tax scheme in those elasticity views. The fiscal impact is more small in those agricultural pesticides that have a demand price elasticity mayor that 1. Third, the study describes fiscal policy recommendations follows to set a different policy to subject with the fiscal and environmental restrictions. Finally, a predominant response it according to the different scenes when to reduce the exemptions: the fiscal impact is proportional higher in the chemicals pesticides of upper toxicity than de biological pesticides and the general pesticides when there isn’t a focus policy
Descripción
Maestría en Política Económica (MPE)
Palabras clave
PLAGUICIDAS, AGRICULTURA, EXENCIONES TRIBUTARIAS, COSTA RICA, TAX EXEMPTIONS, PESTICIDES