Small mammals and their genetic diversity in Costa Rica in relation to altitudinal gradients
Fecha
2023
Autores
Gómez-Lépiz, Alexander
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Editor
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. Biodiversidade, Genética e Evolução
Resumen
Resumo. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado na Costa Rica que estima a presença e diversidade genética da comunidade de pequenos mamíferos terrestres num gradiente altitudinal. Ao nível taxonómico, apesar da existência de registos históricos de 92 espécies de pequenos mamíferos, apenas 46 estão actualmente confirmadas, considerando-se que fatores como a evolução nas técnicas de identificação e recursos limitados para a investigação contribuem para esta incerteza taxonómica. A Costa Rica é um hotspot para a biodiversidade e existem evidências que indicam que a Cordilheira de Talamanca serve provavelmente como uma barreira natural, apresentando 30% de endemismo regional. A região de Talamanca, bem como outras altas montanhas da Costa Rica, podem ter servido de refúgio para pequenos mamíferos durante a Idade do Gelo, revelando uma elevada diversidade de espécies, muitas vezes críptica. No entanto, a escassez de informação genética de referência limita a identificação das espécies e pode levar a uma subestimativa do nível de endemismo. Neste trabalho foi compilada uma base de dados aberta de 2.324 registos para analisar a distribuição altitudinal de 46 espécies de pequenos mamíferos na Costa Rica. Estes registos incluem dados inéditos de trabalho de campo, bem como dados existentes em base de dados de museus nacionais e do Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Os resultados obtidos demonstram a ocorrência de uma distribuição de espécies não uniforme, com maior riqueza especifica em altitudes intermedias, mas observando-se um nível de endemismo pronunciado em áreas de elevada altitude. Dos vários fatores que foram considerados na análise de dados a biotemperatura revelou diferenças significativas entre altitudes extremas e intermedias, destacando-se uma maior diversidade de espécies nas altitude intermédias. Amostras recolhidas em regimes climáticos distintos revelaram também uma elevada diversidade genética. A distribuição das espécies foi analisada considerando o sistema Holdridge, que classifica as zonas de vida na Costa Rica com base na altitude, biotemperatura, precipitação e evapotranspiração. Zonas intermedias como Wet Forest, Lower Premontane e Wet Forest Premontane suportam o maior número de espécies de pequenos mamíferos. Zonas extremas como a Floresta Tropical Subalpina e a Floresta Tropical Seca são consideradas inóspitas. O estudo das zonas de vida sugere picos de diversidade em altitudes médias, mas também sugere uma alta diversidade em terras baixas, que se pode justificar pela existência de sobreamostragem e elevada acessibilidade, mas com alta influência de fatores como padrões de precipitação e elevação (aumentando e diminuindo a partir de altitudes médias). Nesse sentido, fica evidente que espécies com uma distribuição geográfica mais ampla dominam na categoria Pre-montanha, afetando a composição de espécies em altitudes mais altas e em terras baixas. Este padrão está de acordó com a teoria do “Efeito de Domínio Médio” e pode ser justificado pelos níveis intermedios de precipitação que estão associados à maior riqueza de espécies, enquanto a diminuição da precipitação impacta negativamente a riqueza e a abundância. Algumas espécies estão restritas a altitudes específicas, mostrando adaptação às condições locais e sugerindo que pequenos mamíferos terrestres são bons indicadores das alterações de habitat e desempenham importantes papéis ecológicos. Por isso, este estudo sugere que os pequenos mamíferos podem contribuir para acelerar a recuperação de áreas desmatadas e estabilizar a dinâmica natural das florestas. A Região do Valle del Silencio foi um caso de estudo sobre esta dinâmica natural, destacando as espécies dominantes como Reithrodontomys creper e Peromyscus nudipes. A coexistência dessas espécies pode ser devida a uma atividade humana mínima, mas o papel de outras espécies e suas contribuições para a comunidade devem ser melhor exploradas para se compreender a dinâmica do ecossistema. Mudanças nas condições ambientais podem afetar o equilíbrio e a estrutura da comunidade dos pequenos mamíferos. Outro fator chave que deve ser considerado é a existência de microhabitats no nível do solo, como nas florestas de carvalhos de montanha. Apesar de não existir informação suficiente sobre esses microhabitats, estes oferecem alimento, proteção e cobertura, são cruciais para a sobrevivênciae, sendo a sua preservação crucial para a conservação de pequenos mamíferos terrestres a longo prazo. A dinâmica da temperatura ao nível do solo influencia a utilização do microhabitat, por exemplo, com espécies sensíveis como as pertencentes ao genéro Peromyscus, que preferem microclimas adequados para mitigar as flutuações de temperatura nas terras altas. Investigar as interações entre espécies como Reithrodontomys spp., Peromyscus spp. e Scotinomys spp. em regiões de elevada altitude é essencial para compreender as suas funções ecológicas e para a sua conservação. A classificação taxonómica adequada, especialmente para Reithrodontomys spp., permitirá adequar estratégias de conservação de forma mais eficaz. Os métodos moleculares podem resolver a taxonomia de espécies crípticas, bem como fornecer informações sobre diversidade genética, estrutura populacional e parâmetros necessários para fomentar a conservação das espécies. A integração de abordagens moleculares aumenta a compreensão e facilita os esforços de conservação, especialmente de espécies crípticas. O presente estudo contribui para as áreas de taxonomia e genética da conservação de pequenos mamíferos na Costa Rica, através da determinação de linhagens mitocondriais divergentes e da diversidade genética dentro dos géneros, que sugerem a ocorrência de especiação críptica. O DNA barcoding usando o gene mitocondrial citrocromo b provou ser útil, mas mais estudos genéticos são necessários para confirmar e entender essa diversidade genética. Estudos anteriores na Costa Rica e na América Central também exploraram a diversidade genética em pequenos mamíferos, enfatizando a importância da continuidade da pesquisa na região. Este estudo revela potenciais formas crípticas dentro de várias espécies de pequenos mamíferos na Costa Rica. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o género Philander pode apresentar uma segunda espécie ou subdivisão genética dentro da atual especie Philander melanurus, enquanto Heteromys sp. apresenta dois clados distintos. A análise filogenética de Peromyscus apresenta desafios na identificação das espécies, com classificações divergentes entre P. nudipes, P. nicaraguae e P. mexicanus. Por outro lado, as sequências de Melanomys caliginosus são mais próximas de M. chrysomelas do que M. caliginosus. A análise das espécies do genéro Reithrodontomys sugere uma eventual existência de novas formas genéticas importantes ou mesmo novas espécies. A integração de dados moleculares, morfológicos e ecológicos é crucial para entender esta diversidade e especiação críptica que foi detectada nestes géneros de pequenos mamíferos da Costa Rica. No entanto, esforços futuros são necessários para melhorar a classificação taxonómica e a eficiência das medidas de conservação. As políticas rígidas de uso da floresta em áreas protegidas criaram condições favoráveis em geral para pequenos mamíferos terrestres. Os pequenos mamiíeros podem ser muito sensíveis ao clima atual, com algunas espécies experimentando respostas negativas e outros mostrando respostas positivas que alteram o equilíbrio natural dos ecossistemas. Por este motivo, é fundamental implementar processos de investigação mais aprofundados neste grupo de mamíferos que justifiquem medidas de conservação destas espécies e do seu habitat.
Abstract. This study was the first in Costa Rica to examine the terrestrial small mammal community across altitudinal ranges, by estimating presence and genetic traits. Taxonomically, despite the existence of historical records for a total of 92 species, only 46 are currently considered as occurring in Costa Rica. Factors like the change over time of identification techniques have contributed to this taxonomic change. Costa Rica displays high biodiversity and it is acknowledged that the Cordillera de Talamanca serves as a natural barrier and promotes speciation and adaption, showcasing 30% regional endemism. The Talamanca region, along other high mountains in Costa Rica, may have served as refugia for small mammals during the Ice Ages revealing often hidden diversity among analysed species. Limited genetic reference data hampers accurate species identification and may underestimate endemism. This study compiled 2324 records to analyze the altitudinal distribution of 46 small mammal species in Costa Rica, considering new data obtained from fieldwork, as a complement to that existing in open access databases from national museums, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The species exhibited a non-uniform distribution, with higher species richness at intermediate elevations, but also a pronounced endemism in highland areas. Several environmental variables were considered in the analysis, and biotemperature revealed significant differences between extreme and intermediate altitudes, highlighting the latter's greater species diversity. Genetic divergence was observed in samples collected from distinct climatic regimes. The Holdridge system, that classifies life zones in Costa Rica based on altitude, biotemperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, was used to better understand the patterns of small mammals species distribution. Intermediate zones like Wet Forest Lower Premontane and Wet Forest Premontane support the highest number of small mammal species. Extreme zones like Rain Forest Subalpine and Dry Forest Tropical are considered inhospitable. The results suggest the occurrence of species diversity peaks at mid elevations but also notes high diversity in lowlands, probably due to oversampling and accessibility with high influence of factors like precipitation patterns and elevation (increasing and decreasing from mid elevations). In this sense, it is evident that species with larger geographical ranges dominate in the Premontane category, affecting species composition at higher elevations and in lowlands which aligns with the Mid-Domain Effect (MDE) theory. A factor that could explain this effect is the intermediate precipitation levels which is associated with higher species richness, while decreased precipitation negatively impacts richness and abundance. Some species are restricted to specific elevations, suggesting local adaptation to specific conditions and that terrestrial small mammals are good indicators of habitat modifications and play important ecological roles. This is the reason why this study argues that small mammals can contribute to accelerate the recovery of deforested areas and stabilize the natural dynamics of forests. The Valle del Silencio was a case study that illustrates this natural dynamic. The coexistence in this region of dominant species like Reithrodontomys creper and Peromyscus nudipes, may be due to minimal human activity, but the role of other species and their contributions to the community need further exploration to understand the ecosystem dynamics. Changes in environmental conditions could affect the balance and structure of the community, another key factor that should be considered is ground-level microhabitats as in this montagne oak forest. These microhabitats offer food, protection, and cover, crucial for survival. Thus, preserving these microhabitats is crucial for long-term ecosystem conservation of terrestrial small mammals. Temperature dynamics at ground level influence microhabitat utilization, with sensitive species like Peromyscus spp., preferring suitable microclimates to mitigate highland temperature fluctuations. Investigating interactions among species like Reithrodontomys spp., Peromyscus spp., and Scotinomys spp. in high-altitude regions is essential for understanding their ecological role for conservation. Moreover, proper taxonomic classification, especially for Reithrodontomys spp., would allow effective conservation strategies. Molecular techniques can significantly contribute to resolve species taxonomy, as well as providing insights into genetic diversity, population structure, and thus supporting conservation efforts. Integrating molecular approaches enhances understanding and facilitates conservation efforts for cryptic species. The present study contributes to the fields of taxonomy and conservation genetics of small mammals in Costa Rica. It enhances understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics, aiding conservation efforts. The observation in this study of divergent mitochondrial lineages and genetic diversity within genera suggest the presence of cryptic speciation. Phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene proved to be useful in distinguishing the different small mammals species in Costa Rica, but further genetic studies are needed to confirm and understand the high diversity detected. Results suggest that the genus Philander may have a second species or genetic subdivision within Philander melanurus, while Heteromys sp. exhibits two distinct clades. Peromyscus poses challenges in species identification, with conflicting classifications between P. nudipes, P. nicaraguae, and P. mexicanus. Moreover, Melanomys caliginosus sequences are more closely related to M. chrysomelas than previously known. Phylogenetic analysis among species from the genus Reithrodontomys suggests new major genetic forms or potentially new species. Integrating molecular, morphological, and ecological data is crucial for understanding cryptic diversity and speciation, and should be implemented in future works. Thus, further research is needed to improve taxonomic classification of these small mammal species. Comparing data with museum specimens and optimizing genetic sequencing methods are important for resolving taxonomic uncertainties and for understanding species evolution and biodiversity. Strict forest use policies in protected areas have potentially created favorable conditions in general for terrestrial small mammals. Those animals might be very sensitive to the current climate with some experiencing negative responses and others showing positive responses that alter the natural balance of ecosystems. For this reason, it is strictly necessary to implement deeper research processes in this group that justify measures for the conservation of these species and their habitat.
Abstract. This study was the first in Costa Rica to examine the terrestrial small mammal community across altitudinal ranges, by estimating presence and genetic traits. Taxonomically, despite the existence of historical records for a total of 92 species, only 46 are currently considered as occurring in Costa Rica. Factors like the change over time of identification techniques have contributed to this taxonomic change. Costa Rica displays high biodiversity and it is acknowledged that the Cordillera de Talamanca serves as a natural barrier and promotes speciation and adaption, showcasing 30% regional endemism. The Talamanca region, along other high mountains in Costa Rica, may have served as refugia for small mammals during the Ice Ages revealing often hidden diversity among analysed species. Limited genetic reference data hampers accurate species identification and may underestimate endemism. This study compiled 2324 records to analyze the altitudinal distribution of 46 small mammal species in Costa Rica, considering new data obtained from fieldwork, as a complement to that existing in open access databases from national museums, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The species exhibited a non-uniform distribution, with higher species richness at intermediate elevations, but also a pronounced endemism in highland areas. Several environmental variables were considered in the analysis, and biotemperature revealed significant differences between extreme and intermediate altitudes, highlighting the latter's greater species diversity. Genetic divergence was observed in samples collected from distinct climatic regimes. The Holdridge system, that classifies life zones in Costa Rica based on altitude, biotemperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, was used to better understand the patterns of small mammals species distribution. Intermediate zones like Wet Forest Lower Premontane and Wet Forest Premontane support the highest number of small mammal species. Extreme zones like Rain Forest Subalpine and Dry Forest Tropical are considered inhospitable. The results suggest the occurrence of species diversity peaks at mid elevations but also notes high diversity in lowlands, probably due to oversampling and accessibility with high influence of factors like precipitation patterns and elevation (increasing and decreasing from mid elevations). In this sense, it is evident that species with larger geographical ranges dominate in the Premontane category, affecting species composition at higher elevations and in lowlands which aligns with the Mid-Domain Effect (MDE) theory. A factor that could explain this effect is the intermediate precipitation levels which is associated with higher species richness, while decreased precipitation negatively impacts richness and abundance. Some species are restricted to specific elevations, suggesting local adaptation to specific conditions and that terrestrial small mammals are good indicators of habitat modifications and play important ecological roles. This is the reason why this study argues that small mammals can contribute to accelerate the recovery of deforested areas and stabilize the natural dynamics of forests. The Valle del Silencio was a case study that illustrates this natural dynamic. The coexistence in this region of dominant species like Reithrodontomys creper and Peromyscus nudipes, may be due to minimal human activity, but the role of other species and their contributions to the community need further exploration to understand the ecosystem dynamics. Changes in environmental conditions could affect the balance and structure of the community, another key factor that should be considered is ground-level microhabitats as in this montagne oak forest. These microhabitats offer food, protection, and cover, crucial for survival. Thus, preserving these microhabitats is crucial for long-term ecosystem conservation of terrestrial small mammals. Temperature dynamics at ground level influence microhabitat utilization, with sensitive species like Peromyscus spp., preferring suitable microclimates to mitigate highland temperature fluctuations. Investigating interactions among species like Reithrodontomys spp., Peromyscus spp., and Scotinomys spp. in high-altitude regions is essential for understanding their ecological role for conservation. Moreover, proper taxonomic classification, especially for Reithrodontomys spp., would allow effective conservation strategies. Molecular techniques can significantly contribute to resolve species taxonomy, as well as providing insights into genetic diversity, population structure, and thus supporting conservation efforts. Integrating molecular approaches enhances understanding and facilitates conservation efforts for cryptic species. The present study contributes to the fields of taxonomy and conservation genetics of small mammals in Costa Rica. It enhances understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics, aiding conservation efforts. The observation in this study of divergent mitochondrial lineages and genetic diversity within genera suggest the presence of cryptic speciation. Phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene proved to be useful in distinguishing the different small mammals species in Costa Rica, but further genetic studies are needed to confirm and understand the high diversity detected. Results suggest that the genus Philander may have a second species or genetic subdivision within Philander melanurus, while Heteromys sp. exhibits two distinct clades. Peromyscus poses challenges in species identification, with conflicting classifications between P. nudipes, P. nicaraguae, and P. mexicanus. Moreover, Melanomys caliginosus sequences are more closely related to M. chrysomelas than previously known. Phylogenetic analysis among species from the genus Reithrodontomys suggests new major genetic forms or potentially new species. Integrating molecular, morphological, and ecological data is crucial for understanding cryptic diversity and speciation, and should be implemented in future works. Thus, further research is needed to improve taxonomic classification of these small mammal species. Comparing data with museum specimens and optimizing genetic sequencing methods are important for resolving taxonomic uncertainties and for understanding species evolution and biodiversity. Strict forest use policies in protected areas have potentially created favorable conditions in general for terrestrial small mammals. Those animals might be very sensitive to the current climate with some experiencing negative responses and others showing positive responses that alter the natural balance of ecosystems. For this reason, it is strictly necessary to implement deeper research processes in this group that justify measures for the conservation of these species and their habitat.
Descripción
Gómez Lépiz, A. E. (2023). Small mammals and their genetic diversity in Costa Rica in relation to altitudinal gradients. [Tesis de Doctorado]. Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Ciências, Portugal.
Palabras clave
MAMÍFEROS PEQUEÑOS, GENÉTICA ANIMAL, DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA, BIOLOGÍA, CONSERVACIÓN, ROEDORES, CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, FILOGENIA, VIDA SILVESTRE, COSTA RICA