Manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de dermatitis micóticas y parasitarias en caninos y felinos: percepción de 100 médicos veterinarios del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) de Costa Rica
Fecha
2020
Autores
Arce Hernández, Melvin
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En Costa Rica se carece de información acerca del manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de las
dermatitis micóticas y las causadas por ácaros. Este estudio descriptivo y transversal, tuvo
como objetivo conocer la percepción de estos médicos veterinarios, sobre los métodos
clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos que aplican en dermatitis micóticas y dermatitis por
ácaros de caninos y felinos, con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento sobre la situación actual
de la práctica en estas áreas del quehacer profesional. Durante setiembre del 2018 a marzo
del 2019 se aplicó un cuestionario de 36 preguntas a 100 médicos veterinarios practicantes
en pequeñas especies del Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica, el cual fue revisado
previamente por tres referentes en dermatología veterinaria y validado mediante un grupo
piloto de diez profesionales que no fueron considerados en el grupo final. La selección de los
candidatos se realizó mediante un muestreo probabilístico estratificado incluyendo 25
clínicas de cada provincia (Alajuela, Heredia, San José y Cartago). El instrumento fue
aplicado por el estudiante de forma presencial en los establecimientos y la información
obtenida fue digitada y analizada en Excel mediante estadística descriptiva. Con respecto a
las preguntas sobre los tratamientos, fueron categorizadas según si su prescripción era
aceptable o adecuada o inadecuada o inaceptable con base en literatura de Colegios de
Dermatología, libros de farmacología, artículos científicos y prospectos de los productos,
para obtener datos medibles acerca de la forma de cómo son utilizados. Los profesionales
consultados aseguraron que diagnostican frecuentemente este tipo de enfermedades (desde
semanalmente hasta mensualmente), identificando los principales signos clínicos asociados
con estas patologías (alopecia 91 %, prurito 77% y descamación 44 % generalmente) y
realizando pruebas de laboratorio que apoyan estos diagnósticos, siendo el raspado para
visualización directa la más utilizada (96 % para detectar ácaros y 68 % para dermatitis
micóticas). Con respecto a los tratamientos sugeridos, un 66 % de los medicamentos para
ácaros son prescritos de forma aceptable, mientras que un 40 % de los productos son
recetados adecuadamente para micosis superficiales. La gran mayoría de los consultados
reconoce el potencial zoonótico de los dermatofitos (88 %) y de Sarcoptes scabiei (78 %),
pero solamente un 45 % y 48 % respectivamente prescribe adecuadamente tratamientos para
mitigar estos hongos y ácaros. Además, solo un 45 % de ellos dicta recomendaciones para el
control y prevención de estas enfermedades. Este estudio pone en perspectiva que un
porcentaje importante de profesionales evidencia serias deficiencias en la manera en que son
diagnosticadas y tratadas las diferentes dermatitis valoradas, así como las recomendaciones
para disminuir el contagio a otros animales o a las personas. El profesional veterinario tiene
una responsabilidad con la sociedad costarricense, brindando servicios de calidad apoyado
de una actualización constante, todo esto con el único objetivo de garantizar el bienestar
animal, mantener el prestigio de la profesión, la confianza depositada por los propietarios de
mascotas y la Salud Pública.
In Costa Rica, there is a lack of information on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of fungal dermatitis and those caused by mites. This descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to know the perception of these veterinary practitioners about the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic methods applied in fungal and mites dermatitis of dogs and cats in order to contribute to knowledge about the situation of the current practice in those areas. During September 2018 to March 2019, a survey of 36 questions was applied to 100 veterinarians of small animal practice of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica, which was previously reviewed by three veterinary dermatology referents and validated by a pilot group of 10 professionals who were not considered in the final group. The selection of the candidates was carried out by means of a stratified probabilistic sampling including 25 clinics from each province (Alajuela, Heredia, San José and Cartago). The instrument was applied by the student in person at the establishments and the information obtained was typed and analyzed in Excel using descriptive statistics. Regarding treatment questions, they were categorized according to whether their prescription is suitable or erroneous according to Dermatology Associations, pharmacology books, journals articles and products prospects to determine how they are used in the main dermal diseases associated with superficial fungi and mites. The professionals consulted assured that they frequently diagnosed this type of disease (manly every 15 days or monthly), identifying the main clinical signs associated with these pathologies (alopecia 91 %, pruritus 77 % and crusts 44 %) and carrying out laboratory tests to support these diagnoses, been mainly skin scrapings to direct microscopic examination 96 % for mites detection and 68 % for superficial mycosis visualization. According to the suggested treatments, 66 % of drugs for mites are been prescribed suitable and 40 % of the treatments for superficial mycoses as well. The vast majority of professionals recognize the zoonotic potential of dermatophytes (88 %) and Sarcoptes scabiei (78%), but only 45% and 48 % respectively of them prescribe suitable treatments to mitigate these fungi and mites. Also, only 45 % give recommendations for the control and prevention of these diseases. This study shows that a significant percentage of professionals show serious deficiencies in the way in which the different dermatitis evaluated are diagnosed and treated. The veterinarian has a responsibility with Costa Rican society, providing quality services supported by constant profesional updating. All of this with the sole objective of guaranteeing animal welfare, maintaining the prestige of the profesión, the trust placed by pet owners and Public Health.
In Costa Rica, there is a lack of information on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of fungal dermatitis and those caused by mites. This descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to know the perception of these veterinary practitioners about the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic methods applied in fungal and mites dermatitis of dogs and cats in order to contribute to knowledge about the situation of the current practice in those areas. During September 2018 to March 2019, a survey of 36 questions was applied to 100 veterinarians of small animal practice of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica, which was previously reviewed by three veterinary dermatology referents and validated by a pilot group of 10 professionals who were not considered in the final group. The selection of the candidates was carried out by means of a stratified probabilistic sampling including 25 clinics from each province (Alajuela, Heredia, San José and Cartago). The instrument was applied by the student in person at the establishments and the information obtained was typed and analyzed in Excel using descriptive statistics. Regarding treatment questions, they were categorized according to whether their prescription is suitable or erroneous according to Dermatology Associations, pharmacology books, journals articles and products prospects to determine how they are used in the main dermal diseases associated with superficial fungi and mites. The professionals consulted assured that they frequently diagnosed this type of disease (manly every 15 days or monthly), identifying the main clinical signs associated with these pathologies (alopecia 91 %, pruritus 77 % and crusts 44 %) and carrying out laboratory tests to support these diagnoses, been mainly skin scrapings to direct microscopic examination 96 % for mites detection and 68 % for superficial mycosis visualization. According to the suggested treatments, 66 % of drugs for mites are been prescribed suitable and 40 % of the treatments for superficial mycoses as well. The vast majority of professionals recognize the zoonotic potential of dermatophytes (88 %) and Sarcoptes scabiei (78%), but only 45% and 48 % respectively of them prescribe suitable treatments to mitigate these fungi and mites. Also, only 45 % give recommendations for the control and prevention of these diseases. This study shows that a significant percentage of professionals show serious deficiencies in the way in which the different dermatitis evaluated are diagnosed and treated. The veterinarian has a responsibility with Costa Rican society, providing quality services supported by constant profesional updating. All of this with the sole objective of guaranteeing animal welfare, maintaining the prestige of the profesión, the trust placed by pet owners and Public Health.
Descripción
Palabras clave
PERRO, GATO, ENFERMEDADES DE LA PIEL, DERMATOLOGÍA VETERINARIA, DERMATOFITOS, PARÁSITOS, DOG, CAT, SKIN DISEASES, VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY, DERMATOFITS