Estrategia para el fortalecimiento de la participación política de las mujeres, desde la experiencia de las alcaldesas electas en Costa Rica durante el periodo 2020-2024
Fecha
2024
Autores
Gamboa Ramírez, Windy
Montero Araya, Carolina
Romero Martínez, Diana Andrea
Zúñiga Valencia, José Joaquín
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La participación política de la mujer en el ámbito público de alto nivel constituye un hito en la historia de la humanidad. Sus conquistas y desafíos son tema de múltiples estudios que procuran rescatar liderazgos, gestas y en especial, rutas para lograr un estado de participación real, tanto en el acceso como en el ejercicio de estos puestos, con equidad e igualdad de condiciones a los hombres, elementos que no han logrado instituirse por la sensibilización y la buena voluntad, sino con la defensa aguerrida de los derechos, hasta convertirlos en una norma de acatamiento obligatorio. En 1949 la Asamblea Constituyente de Costa Rica otorgó a la mujer el derecho al voto. En el año 2009 mediante una reforma al Código Electoral se estableció la paridad política; así en las elecciones municipales del 2010 comenzó a aplicarse la paridad y alternancia, y actualmente, desde la esfera de las diputaciones se ha alcanzado la paridad, aplicándose la paridad horizontal y vertical. Si bien, en términos generales se identifican avances importantes, los desafíos persisten, entre ellos: la paridad horizontal en puestos uninominales y que la participación de las mujeres sea en un contexto de oportunidad real, no violentado, ni manipulado. De los 82 cantones que tiene Costa Rica, para el período 2020-2024, sólo ocho de ellos eligieron mujeres para encabezar la Alcaldía; es decir, los partidos políticos cumplen con su cuota de mujeres supeditándolas a puestos de menor alcance en términos de poder y toma de decisiones, ya que la gran mayoría tienden a concentrar los puestos de vicealcaldías. Por lo anterior, la presente investigación se centra en las mujeres alcaldesas, tomando como muestra y pilar estratégico la historia de vida de cuatro de ellas que están en el ejercicio pleno de su puesto, a saber: Ana Lorena Rovira Gutiérrez, alcaldesa de Tarrazú; Eva Vásquez Vásquez, alcaldesa de Bagaces; Iris Arroyo Herrera, alcaldesa de Puriscal; y Katerine Mayela Ramírez González, alcaldesa de Palmares; abordando aspectos claves de los hitos de su trayectoria familiar, de formación y vinculación laboral, comunal y/u organizacional y desde luego desde su trayectoria en política, esto relacionado con otros elementos centrales como las redes de apoyo para la participación política; los recursos organizativos, económicos, mediáticos; los desafíos, obstáculos y acciones para superarlos; las buenas prácticas; la proyección de la participación política y las recomendaciones para otras mujeres que deseen postularse. Asimismo, se toma en cuenta la experiencia y quehacer de entes como el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (TSE), el Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (INAMU), la Red Costarricense de Mujeres Municipalistas (RECOMM), la Unión Nacional de Gobiernos Locales (UNGL) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas Para el Desarrollo (PNUD), dado que tienen una relación directa con la participación política de las mujeres generando un valor agregado fundamental para la materialización de la investigación. Los resultados permiten diseñar una estrategia para potenciar el empoderamiento y liderazgo transformador de la participación de las mujeres en política, la cual se sustenta en siete ejes estratégicos: formación permanente, herramientas para la participación política de las mujeres, normativa, acoso y violencia política, coordinación y articulación. Esta propuesta plantea reforzar acciones y enfatizar en la forma en que se realiza el trabajo; es decir, apunta más hacia la asociatividad para unificar esfuerzos y recursos y establecer mecanismos para conocer el estado situacional y posibles líneas de acción.
The political participation of women in the high-level public sphere is a milestone in the history of humanity. Their achievements and challenges are the subject of multiple studies that seek to rescue leaderships, deeds and especially, routes to achieve a state of real participation, both in access to and in the exercise of these positions, with equity and equal conditions to men, elements that have not been established through awareness and good will, but through the fierce defense of rights, to the point of turning them into a norm of obligatory compliance. In 1949, the Constituent Assembly of Costa Rica granted women the right to vote. In 2009, through a reform to the Electoral Code, political parity was established; thus, in the municipal elections of 2010, parity and alternation began to be applied, and currently, from the sphere of deputies, parity has been achieved, applying horizontal and vertical parity. Although, in general terms, important advances are identified, challenges persist, including: horizontal parity in single-member positions and ensuring that women's participation is in a context of real opportunity, not violated or manipulated. Of the 82 cantons in Costa Rica, for the period 2020-2024, only eight of them elected women to head the Mayor's Office; that is, political parties meet their quota of women by subjecting them to positions of lesser scope in terms of power and decision-making, since the vast majority tend to concentrate the positions of vice-mayors. Therefore, this research focuses on women mayors, taking as a sample and strategic pillar the life story of four of them who are in full exercise of their position, namely: Ana Lorena Rovira Gutiérrez, mayor of Tarrazú; Eva Vásquez Vásquez, mayor of Bagaces; Iris Arroyo Herrera, mayor of Puriscal; and Katerine Mayela Ramírez González, Mayor of Palmares; addressing key aspects of the milestones of their family history, training and work, community and/or organizational ties and of course from their career in politics, this related to other central elements such as support networks for political participation; organizational, economic, and media resources; challenges, obstacles and actions to overcome them; good practices; the projection of political participation and recommendations for other women who wish to run. Likewise, the experience and work of entities such as the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), the National Institute for Women (INAMU), the Costa Rican Network of Municipal Women (RECOMM), the National Union of Local Governments (UNGL) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) are taken into account, given that they have a direct relationship with the political participation of women, generating an added value that is fundamental for the materialization of the research. The results allow us to design a strategy to enhance empowerment and transformative leadership of women's participation in politics, which is based on seven strategic axes: ongoing training, tools for women's political participation, regulations, harassment and political violence, coordination and articulation. This proposal aims to reinforce actions and emphasize the way in which the work is carried out; that is, it aims more towards associativity to unify efforts and resources and establish mechanisms to know the current situation and possible lines of action.
The political participation of women in the high-level public sphere is a milestone in the history of humanity. Their achievements and challenges are the subject of multiple studies that seek to rescue leaderships, deeds and especially, routes to achieve a state of real participation, both in access to and in the exercise of these positions, with equity and equal conditions to men, elements that have not been established through awareness and good will, but through the fierce defense of rights, to the point of turning them into a norm of obligatory compliance. In 1949, the Constituent Assembly of Costa Rica granted women the right to vote. In 2009, through a reform to the Electoral Code, political parity was established; thus, in the municipal elections of 2010, parity and alternation began to be applied, and currently, from the sphere of deputies, parity has been achieved, applying horizontal and vertical parity. Although, in general terms, important advances are identified, challenges persist, including: horizontal parity in single-member positions and ensuring that women's participation is in a context of real opportunity, not violated or manipulated. Of the 82 cantons in Costa Rica, for the period 2020-2024, only eight of them elected women to head the Mayor's Office; that is, political parties meet their quota of women by subjecting them to positions of lesser scope in terms of power and decision-making, since the vast majority tend to concentrate the positions of vice-mayors. Therefore, this research focuses on women mayors, taking as a sample and strategic pillar the life story of four of them who are in full exercise of their position, namely: Ana Lorena Rovira Gutiérrez, mayor of Tarrazú; Eva Vásquez Vásquez, mayor of Bagaces; Iris Arroyo Herrera, mayor of Puriscal; and Katerine Mayela Ramírez González, Mayor of Palmares; addressing key aspects of the milestones of their family history, training and work, community and/or organizational ties and of course from their career in politics, this related to other central elements such as support networks for political participation; organizational, economic, and media resources; challenges, obstacles and actions to overcome them; good practices; the projection of political participation and recommendations for other women who wish to run. Likewise, the experience and work of entities such as the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), the National Institute for Women (INAMU), the Costa Rican Network of Municipal Women (RECOMM), the National Union of Local Governments (UNGL) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) are taken into account, given that they have a direct relationship with the political participation of women, generating an added value that is fundamental for the materialization of the research. The results allow us to design a strategy to enhance empowerment and transformative leadership of women's participation in politics, which is based on seven strategic axes: ongoing training, tools for women's political participation, regulations, harassment and political violence, coordination and articulation. This proposal aims to reinforce actions and emphasize the way in which the work is carried out; that is, it aims more towards associativity to unify efforts and resources and establish mechanisms to know the current situation and possible lines of action.
Descripción
Palabras clave
IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO, PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA, PARTICIPACIÓN DE LA MUJER, DERECHOS DE LA MUJER, MUJERES EN EL DESARROLLO NACIONAL, DERECHOS CIVILES Y POLITICOS, GENDER EQUALITY, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, WOMEN IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT