Propuesta de biorremediación de suelos contaminados con plaguicidas en una finca hortícola en Zarcero, provincia de Alajuela, periodo 2021-2022
Fecha
2024-02
Autores
Brenes Bravo, Johnny Gabriel
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La región hortícola de Zarcero en Costa Rica enfrenta problemas de contaminación de suelos por plaguicidas debido a la práctica continua de la producción convencional. Para este trabajo se identificó una finca donde los cultivos mostraron crecimiento deficiente en zonas en forma de parches que permanecían constantes en el tiempo, lo cual hizo sospechar de fitotoxicidad por plaguicidas. Esta observación planteó la posibilidad de probar estrategias de biorremediación de suelos que combinaran la acción de una planta (leguminosa = vainica) y uno de dos productos biológicos comerciales que contenían microorganismos autótrofos (cianobacterias y microalgas) o heterótrofos (bacterias y hongos saprófitos). Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar la eficacia de tres diferentes métodos de biorremediación in situ para mejorar la calidad del suelo de una finca hortícola convencional. Para esto, se estableció un ensayo de bloques completos al azar con cuatro tratamientos: a. control (sin aplicación de productos biológicos ni siembra de vainica), b. cultivo de vainica únicamente, c. vainica + producto a base microorganismos heterótrofos y d. vainica + producto a base de microorganismos autótrofos. Además, se establecieron tres repeticiones (subparcelas) por tratamiento. Antes de la aplicación de los tratamientos se realizó una caracterización química y biológica del suelo de la parcela experimental. Los resultados revelaron una fertilidad adecuada del suelo, pH ácido, presencia de 16 ingredientes activos de plaguicidas, baja biomasa microbiana y baja población de nematodos fitoparásitos y de vida libre. Al término de un ciclo productivo de la vainica (12 semanas) se evaluaron los tratamientos de biorremediación, por medio de un análisis permutacional de varianza (Permanova), comparando las concentraciones de plaguicidas presentes en las subparcelas aplicadas con los tratamientos con aquellas de las subparcelas control. Se observó un mejor desempeño en la reducción de plaguicidas como boscalid, metalaxil tebuconazol y terbufos sulfone en el tratamiento compuesto por vainica + bacterias y hongos saprófitos, sin embargo, esta respuesta de reducción en las concentraciones no mostró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos y el testigo. Otros plaguicidas como cipermetrina y carbofurán no presentaron diferencia en concentraciones con respecto al testigo. Por último, existió un grupo de plaguicidas cuya concentración se incrementó en suelo aplicado con los tratamientos (en comparación con el control), estos fueron buprofezin, clorpirifos, linuron y flutolanil. Asimismo, se observó variabilidad en la respuesta de plaguicidas a los diversos tratamientos, lo que indica procesos de degradación complejos, en los que pueden intervenir las características de los plaguicidas, del suelo y del ambiente. Para confirmar el desempeño del producto a base de bacterias y hongos saprófitos, se recomienda implementar el tratamiento vainica + microorganismos heterótrofos por al menos dos ciclos continuos de producción de vainica. Finalmente, se presenta un conjunto de prácticas de manejo de suelos (por ejemplo, rotación de cultivos y labranza de conservación) para facilitar la biorremediación efectiva de suelos contaminados por plaguicidas.
The horticultural region of Zarcero in Costa Rica faces soil contamination issues due to pesticide use resulting from continuous conventional production practices. A farm was identified where crops exhibited patchy and consistent poor growth over time, raising suspicions of pesticide-induced phytotoxicity. This observation led to the consideration of soil bioremediation strategies involving the synergy between a leguminous plant (bean) and one of two commercial bioproducts containing autotrophic microorganisms (cyanobacteria and microalgae) or heterotrophic microorganisms (bacteria and saprophytic fungi). Based on this, the objective of this thesis was to assess the efficacy of three different in situ bioremediation methods for improving soil quality in a conventional horticultural farm. A randomized complete block design was established with four treatments: a. control (no application of bioproducts or bean planting), b. bean cultivation only, c. bean + product containing heterotrophic microorganisms, and d. bean + product containing autotrophic microorganisms. Three replications (subplots) were set up for each treatment. Prior to treatment application, a chemical and biological characterization of the experimental plot soil was conducted. Results revealed adequate soil fertility, acidic pH, presence of 16 active pesticide ingredients, low microbial biomass, and a reduced population of both phytoparasitic and free-living nematodes. At the end of a bean growth cycle (12 weeks), the bioremediation treatments were evaluated using a permutational analysis of variance (Permanova), comparing pesticide concentrations in the treated subplots with those in the control subplots. The bean + heterotrophic microorganisms treatment exhibited better performance in reducing pesticides like boscalid, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and terbufos sulfone. However, this response could only be described as a tendency due to statistical analysis not showing significant differences between treatments. Other pesticides like cypermethrin and carbofuran showed no concentration differences compared to the control. Notably, a group of pesticides displayed increased concentrations in soil treated with the bioremediation methods compared to the control. These pesticides included buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, linuron, and flutolanil. Variability in pesticide response among treatments was observed, indicating complex degradation processes influenced by pesticide characteristics, soil properties, and the environment. To validate the observed trends, implementing the bean + bacteria and saprophytic fungi treatment for at least two consecutive cowpea production cycles is recommended. Finally, a set of soil management practices (e.g., crop rotation, conservation tillage) is presented to facilitate effective bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.
The horticultural region of Zarcero in Costa Rica faces soil contamination issues due to pesticide use resulting from continuous conventional production practices. A farm was identified where crops exhibited patchy and consistent poor growth over time, raising suspicions of pesticide-induced phytotoxicity. This observation led to the consideration of soil bioremediation strategies involving the synergy between a leguminous plant (bean) and one of two commercial bioproducts containing autotrophic microorganisms (cyanobacteria and microalgae) or heterotrophic microorganisms (bacteria and saprophytic fungi). Based on this, the objective of this thesis was to assess the efficacy of three different in situ bioremediation methods for improving soil quality in a conventional horticultural farm. A randomized complete block design was established with four treatments: a. control (no application of bioproducts or bean planting), b. bean cultivation only, c. bean + product containing heterotrophic microorganisms, and d. bean + product containing autotrophic microorganisms. Three replications (subplots) were set up for each treatment. Prior to treatment application, a chemical and biological characterization of the experimental plot soil was conducted. Results revealed adequate soil fertility, acidic pH, presence of 16 active pesticide ingredients, low microbial biomass, and a reduced population of both phytoparasitic and free-living nematodes. At the end of a bean growth cycle (12 weeks), the bioremediation treatments were evaluated using a permutational analysis of variance (Permanova), comparing pesticide concentrations in the treated subplots with those in the control subplots. The bean + heterotrophic microorganisms treatment exhibited better performance in reducing pesticides like boscalid, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and terbufos sulfone. However, this response could only be described as a tendency due to statistical analysis not showing significant differences between treatments. Other pesticides like cypermethrin and carbofuran showed no concentration differences compared to the control. Notably, a group of pesticides displayed increased concentrations in soil treated with the bioremediation methods compared to the control. These pesticides included buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, linuron, and flutolanil. Variability in pesticide response among treatments was observed, indicating complex degradation processes influenced by pesticide characteristics, soil properties, and the environment. To validate the observed trends, implementing the bean + bacteria and saprophytic fungi treatment for at least two consecutive cowpea production cycles is recommended. Finally, a set of soil management practices (e.g., crop rotation, conservation tillage) is presented to facilitate effective bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.
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SUELOS, SOILS, CONTAMINACIÓN DEL SUELO, SOIL CONTAMINATION, PLAGUICIDAS, PESTICIDES, CYANOBACTERIA, MICROORGANISMOS, MICROORGANISMS, DESCONTAMINACION, DECONTAMINATION