Estrategias de recuperación para las empresas relacionadas al turismo en La Fortuna de San Carlos afectadas por la pandemia del COVID-19 y exposición a riesgo cambiario
Fecha
2025-02-20
Autores
Soto-Sánchez, Jafeth
Boza-Castillo, Kendall Josué
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La presente investigación forma parte del Trabajo Final de Graduación en la modalidad de Proyecto de Graduación, el mismo se desarrolla en el marco del proyecto de investigación denominado “Análisis de los efectos económicos, ambientales y sociales del Turismo y la Cultura en Costa Rica”, específicamente el estudio se concentra en el análisis del turismo sobre un distrito especifico de Costa Rica denominado la Fortuna de San Carlos. La investigación tiene como objeto analizar el efecto ocasionado por la pandemia del COVID-19 y otros factores coyunturales de índole macroeconómico, específicamente la exposición al riesgo cambiario en La Fortuna de San Carlos, con la finalidad de plantear propuestas innovadoras destinadas a la promoción del sector turismo. El abordaje se realizó mediante el desarrollo de cuatro objetivos específicos, secuenciales entre sí, que están encaminados hacia el análisis integral del sector turístico en La Fortuna de San Carlos. A través del estudio de las variables económicas y sociales se busca determinar el efecto que tuvo la pandemia del Covid-19 y la apreciación del colón en años recientes sobre el sector, y se plantean estrategias de recuperación públicas y privadas en función de los datos analizados. El documento está estructurado iniciando con las generalidades de la investigación, tales como antecedentes, el problema y los objetivos, posteriormente se trabaja un marco teórico que aborda elementos que sientan las bases como la definición de los sectores económicos, los factores productivos, el desarrollo económico global en el sector turismo y su vínculo con el modelo económico de conglomerados. Seguidamente, se desarrolla el marco metodológico, en donde se destaca la adopción de un enfoque de investigación mixto, con análisis teórico y crítico de la información existente y procesada por los diversos órganos e instituciones pertinentes, pero a su vez, acudiendo al trabajo de campo para la recolección de información concreta y pertinente sobre la situación real del sector, generando respuestas concretas e integrales para los problemas planteados. El capítulo de resultados se presenta en el mismo orden en que se definieron los objetivos específicos. Primero se identificó el aporte económico que representó el sector turístico para Costa Rica y luego se focalizaron los beneficios en el distrito de La Fortuna de San Carlos durante los años previos a la pandemia y otras afectaciones cambiarias, considerando que dicho distrito cuenta con una actividad económica fundamentada en una amplia oferta de servicios turísticos y además cuenta con riqueza natural que permite la potencialización de dicho sector. Posteriormente, se identifican los actores que componen la cadena de valor del turismo en el distrito de La Fortuna de San Carlos, en aras de determinar su aporte desde el punto de vista de participación e importancia relativa en la estructura productiva de la zona de interés. Seguidamente, se determinan los efectos económicos provocados por la coyuntura global causada por la pandemia del COVID-19, en un marco en el que los viajes con propósito turístico experimentaron reducciones drásticas, los niveles de empleo cayeron de forma sensible, el gasto de las personas se redujo y la economía estancó su crecimiento, considerando también la afectación generada por la apreciación del colón y la resta de competitividad que implica, en una segunda etapa donde se inició con esfuerzos de reactivación y dinamización. Entendiendo esto, fue posible el desarrollo del cuarto y último objetivo, planteando estrategias de recuperación públicas y privadas en función de los datos e información consultada, procesada y analizada, así como medidas de apoyo para los agentes afectados pertenecientes a los sectores en estudio acordes a la situación coyuntural global, en un momento en el que los efectos directos de la pandemia indican haberse revertido pero, apremian algunos factores asociados y una coyuntura económica compleja para el sector. En esta línea, comprendiendo la importancia fundamental del sector para la economía regional, el estudio busca no solo comprender el impacto de la pandemia y otros eventos cambiarios en el sector turístico de La Fortuna de San Carlos, sino también en su capítulo quinto final concluye y recomienda estrategias que aborden de manera integral la gestión de estas situaciones considerando las particularidades económicas y sociales del distrito.
This research is part of the Final Graduation Project in the Graduation Project modality, it is developed within the framework of the research project called "Analysis of the economic, environmental and social effects of Tourism and Culture in Costa Rica", specifically the study focuses on the analysis of tourism in a specific district of Costa Rica called La Fortuna de San Carlos. The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic conjunctural factors, specifically the exposure to exchange rate risk in La Fortuna de San Carlos, in order to propose innovative proposals aimed at promoting the tourism sector. The approach was carried out through the development of four specific objectives, sequential to each other, which are aimed at the comprehensive analysis of the tourism sector in La Fortuna de San Carlos. Through the study of economic and social variables, it is sought to determine the effect that the Covid-19 pandemic and the appreciation of the colon in recent years had on the sector, and public and private recovery strategies are proposed based on the data analyzed. The document is structured starting with the generalities of the research, such as background, the problem and the objectives, then a theoretical framework is developed that addresses elements that lay the foundations such as the definition of the economic sectors, the productive factors, the global economic development in the tourism sector and its link with the economic model of conglomerates. Next, the methodological framework is developed, where the adoption of a mixed research approach is highlighted, with theoretical and critical analysis of the existing information and processed by the various pertinent bodies and institutions, but at the same time, resorting to field work for the collection of concrete and pertinent information on the real situation of the sector, generating concrete and comprehensive responses to the problems raised. The results chapter is presented in the same order in which the specific objectives were defined. First, the economic contribution that the tourism sector represented for Costa Rica was identified and then the benefits were focused on the district of La Fortuna de San Carlos during the years prior to the pandemic and other exchange rate effects, considering that said district has an economic activity based on a wide range of tourism services and also has natural wealth that allows the potentialization of said sector. Subsequently, the actors that make up the tourism value chain in the district of La Fortuna de San Carlos are identified, in order to determine their contribution from the point of view of participation and relative importance in the productive structure of the area of interest. Next, the economic effects caused by the global situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are determined, in a framework in which trips for tourism purposes experienced drastic reductions, employment levels fell significantly, people's spending was reduced and the economy stagnated its growth, also considering the impact generated by the appreciation of the colon and the loss of competitiveness that it implies, in a second stage where efforts to reactivate and revitalize began. Understanding this, it was possible to develop the fourth and last objective, proposing public and private recovery strategies based on the data and information consulted, processed and analyzed, as well as support measures for the affected agents belonging to the sectors under study in accordance with the global current situation, at a time when the direct effects of the pandemic indicate that they have been reversed but, some associated factors and a complex economic situation for the sector are pressing. Along these lines, understanding the fundamental importance of the sector for the regional economy, the study seeks not only to understand the impact of the pandemic and other exchange rate events on the tourism sector of La Fortuna de San Carlos, but also in its final fifth chapter concludes and recommends strategies that comprehensively address the management of these situations considering the economic and social particularities of the district.
This research is part of the Final Graduation Project in the Graduation Project modality, it is developed within the framework of the research project called "Analysis of the economic, environmental and social effects of Tourism and Culture in Costa Rica", specifically the study focuses on the analysis of tourism in a specific district of Costa Rica called La Fortuna de San Carlos. The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic conjunctural factors, specifically the exposure to exchange rate risk in La Fortuna de San Carlos, in order to propose innovative proposals aimed at promoting the tourism sector. The approach was carried out through the development of four specific objectives, sequential to each other, which are aimed at the comprehensive analysis of the tourism sector in La Fortuna de San Carlos. Through the study of economic and social variables, it is sought to determine the effect that the Covid-19 pandemic and the appreciation of the colon in recent years had on the sector, and public and private recovery strategies are proposed based on the data analyzed. The document is structured starting with the generalities of the research, such as background, the problem and the objectives, then a theoretical framework is developed that addresses elements that lay the foundations such as the definition of the economic sectors, the productive factors, the global economic development in the tourism sector and its link with the economic model of conglomerates. Next, the methodological framework is developed, where the adoption of a mixed research approach is highlighted, with theoretical and critical analysis of the existing information and processed by the various pertinent bodies and institutions, but at the same time, resorting to field work for the collection of concrete and pertinent information on the real situation of the sector, generating concrete and comprehensive responses to the problems raised. The results chapter is presented in the same order in which the specific objectives were defined. First, the economic contribution that the tourism sector represented for Costa Rica was identified and then the benefits were focused on the district of La Fortuna de San Carlos during the years prior to the pandemic and other exchange rate effects, considering that said district has an economic activity based on a wide range of tourism services and also has natural wealth that allows the potentialization of said sector. Subsequently, the actors that make up the tourism value chain in the district of La Fortuna de San Carlos are identified, in order to determine their contribution from the point of view of participation and relative importance in the productive structure of the area of interest. Next, the economic effects caused by the global situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are determined, in a framework in which trips for tourism purposes experienced drastic reductions, employment levels fell significantly, people's spending was reduced and the economy stagnated its growth, also considering the impact generated by the appreciation of the colon and the loss of competitiveness that it implies, in a second stage where efforts to reactivate and revitalize began. Understanding this, it was possible to develop the fourth and last objective, proposing public and private recovery strategies based on the data and information consulted, processed and analyzed, as well as support measures for the affected agents belonging to the sectors under study in accordance with the global current situation, at a time when the direct effects of the pandemic indicate that they have been reversed but, some associated factors and a complex economic situation for the sector are pressing. Along these lines, understanding the fundamental importance of the sector for the regional economy, the study seeks not only to understand the impact of the pandemic and other exchange rate events on the tourism sector of La Fortuna de San Carlos, but also in its final fifth chapter concludes and recommends strategies that comprehensively address the management of these situations considering the economic and social particularities of the district.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COVID-19 (ENFERMEDAD), EPIDEMIAS, TURISMO, COVID-19 (DISEASE), EPIDEMICS, TOURISM