Análisis de la planificación nacional en relación con el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo María Teresa Obregón Zamora 2011-2014: abordaje del sector turismo, estudio de caso de empresarios turísticos de La Fortuna de San Carlos
Archivos
Fecha
2016
Autores
González Chacón, Nishma
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La propuesta de investigación desarrollada en este documento, tiene como objeto de estudio la planificación turística en Costa Rica en los tres niveles de formulación y aplicación de la política pública: nacional, regional-sectorial y local. Entendiéndose por política pública todos aquellos lineamientos, objetivos, metas y acciones estratégicas que en su conjunto orientan mediante los planes nacionales de desarrollo (los PND) desde el año 1998, las principales decisiones político-económicas que conforman dicho sector. La primera parte contextualiza las principales decisiones políticas desde los años ochenta que normaron diversas acciones estratégicas con el fin de permitir el crecimiento del sector turístico en el país; crecimiento que se establece dentro del marco de un modelo neoliberal donde el mercado y las grandes instituciones bancarias son los principales exponentes de los requisitos que el Gobierno adopta mediante Programas de ajuste estructural, convenios internacionales y tratados de libre comercio. Se analizan las propuestas formuladas para el sector turístico desde el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de 1998-2002 de la Administración Rodríguez Echeverría hasta el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la Administración Chinchilla Miranda 2011-2014. Las propuestas del sector turístico se ordenan por ejes temáticos (énfasis), que desde 1998 se presentan a partir de acciones estratégicas en todos los Planes Nacionales de Desarrollo. En el segundo apartado se elaboran entrevistas focales que se realizaron a pequeños y medianos empresarios turísticos nacionales del distrito de La Fortuna de San Carlos. Estos, a partir de la publicación del Plan General de Uso de la Tierra y Desarrollo Turístico para la Unidad de Planeamiento Llanuras del Norte de Costa Rica 2002-2012, fueron motivados para aumentar su infraestructura y diversificar su oferta turística, debido a las metas que se establecieron para la región y las proyecciones realizadas por dicho documento; sin embargo, el PGUT y Desarrollo Turístico de la UP Llanuras del Norte no contempló la amenaza de ninguna crisis económica internacional, ni de otros factores considerados de importancia en la planificación prospectiva. Los años siguientes al estallido de la crisis económica en Estados Unidos, repercutieron directamente en la vida de los empresarios turísticos de La Fortuna al bajar drásticamente la demanda de turistas internacionales, sufrir una reducción tajante de sus niveles de ingresos económicos y no lograr una conciliación con las entidades bancarias para llegar a arreglos de pago por las deudas adquiridas en años anteriores, las cuales fueron motivadas por las metas y proyecciones del PGUT y Desarrollo Turístico de la UP Llanuras del Norte. En el tercer apartado se realiza una exposición y análisis de los documentos que norman la formulación de las propuestas a incluir en El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la Administración Chinchilla Miranda (2011-2014), donde dicha formulación se centra para cada sector en la persona de los ministros rectores y de la Presidencia de la República, conforme a los lineamientos generales para el PND estipulados por esta última. Para concluir la investigación se desarrolla un análisis del discurso (ACD), sobre las vivencias y significancias otorgadas al proceso vivido por los pequeños y medianos empresarios turísticos de la zona en estudio después de publicado el PGUT y Desarrollo Turístico de la UP Llanuras del Norte 2002-2012. Investigar y comprender la complejidad entre el modelo de planificación nacional, el campo del turismo y sus repercusiones en los distintos niveles regional y local, es el planteamiento general que aborda este documento.
The research proposal developed in this document studies tourism planning in Costa Rica at the three levels of public policy formulation and implementation: national, regional-sectoral, and local. Public policy is understood as all the guidelines, objectives, goals, and strategic actions that, together, guide the main political and economic decisions shaping this sector through the National Development Plans (NDPs) implemented since 1998. The first part contextualizes the main political decisions since the 1980s that have governed various strategic actions aimed at enabling the growth of the country's tourism sector; this growth is established within the framework of a neoliberal model where the market and large banking institutions are the main exponents of the requirements adopted by the Government through structural adjustment programs, international agreements, and free trade agreements. This article analyzes proposals for the tourism sector from the Rodríguez Echeverría Administration's 1998-2002 National Development Plan to the Chinchilla Miranda Administration's 2011-2014 National Development Plan. Tourism sector proposals are organized by thematic axes (emphasis), which have been presented as strategic actions in all National Development Plans since 1998. The second section contains focus interviews conducted with small and medium-sized national tourism entrepreneurs in the La Fortuna de San Carlos district. Following the publication of the General Plan for Land Use and Tourism Development for the Northern Plains Planning Unit of Costa Rica 2002-2012, these entrepreneurs were motivated to expand their infrastructure and diversify their tourism offerings based on the goals established for the region and the projections made in said document. However, the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP did not consider the threat of any international economic crisis, nor other factors considered important in prospective planning. The years following the outbreak of the economic crisis in the United States had a direct impact on the lives of tourism entrepreneurs in La Fortuna, with a drastically reduced demand from international tourists, a sharp decline in their income levels, and an inability to reach conciliation with banking institutions to reach payment arrangements for debts acquired in previous years, which were motivated by the goals and projections of the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP. The third section presents and analyzes the documents that govern the formulation of the proposals to be included in the National Development Plan of the Chinchilla Miranda Administration (2011-2014). This formulation focuses, for each sector, on the person of the governing ministers and the Presidency of the Republic, in accordance with the latter's general guidelines for the PND. To conclude the research, a discourse analysis (DCA) is developed on the experiences and significance given to the process by small and medium-sized tourism entrepreneurs in the study area after the publication of the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP 2002-2012. The general approach addressed in this document is to investigate and understand the complexity between the national planning model, the field of tourism, and its repercussions at the different regional and local levels.
The research proposal developed in this document studies tourism planning in Costa Rica at the three levels of public policy formulation and implementation: national, regional-sectoral, and local. Public policy is understood as all the guidelines, objectives, goals, and strategic actions that, together, guide the main political and economic decisions shaping this sector through the National Development Plans (NDPs) implemented since 1998. The first part contextualizes the main political decisions since the 1980s that have governed various strategic actions aimed at enabling the growth of the country's tourism sector; this growth is established within the framework of a neoliberal model where the market and large banking institutions are the main exponents of the requirements adopted by the Government through structural adjustment programs, international agreements, and free trade agreements. This article analyzes proposals for the tourism sector from the Rodríguez Echeverría Administration's 1998-2002 National Development Plan to the Chinchilla Miranda Administration's 2011-2014 National Development Plan. Tourism sector proposals are organized by thematic axes (emphasis), which have been presented as strategic actions in all National Development Plans since 1998. The second section contains focus interviews conducted with small and medium-sized national tourism entrepreneurs in the La Fortuna de San Carlos district. Following the publication of the General Plan for Land Use and Tourism Development for the Northern Plains Planning Unit of Costa Rica 2002-2012, these entrepreneurs were motivated to expand their infrastructure and diversify their tourism offerings based on the goals established for the region and the projections made in said document. However, the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP did not consider the threat of any international economic crisis, nor other factors considered important in prospective planning. The years following the outbreak of the economic crisis in the United States had a direct impact on the lives of tourism entrepreneurs in La Fortuna, with a drastically reduced demand from international tourists, a sharp decline in their income levels, and an inability to reach conciliation with banking institutions to reach payment arrangements for debts acquired in previous years, which were motivated by the goals and projections of the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP. The third section presents and analyzes the documents that govern the formulation of the proposals to be included in the National Development Plan of the Chinchilla Miranda Administration (2011-2014). This formulation focuses, for each sector, on the person of the governing ministers and the Presidency of the Republic, in accordance with the latter's general guidelines for the PND. To conclude the research, a discourse analysis (DCA) is developed on the experiences and significance given to the process by small and medium-sized tourism entrepreneurs in the study area after the publication of the PGUT and Tourism Development of the Northern Plains UP 2002-2012. The general approach addressed in this document is to investigate and understand the complexity between the national planning model, the field of tourism, and its repercussions at the different regional and local levels.
Descripción
Palabras clave
PLANIFICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA, STRATEGIC PLANNING, PLANES DE DESARROLLO, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, TURISMO, TOURISM