Estudio de la actividad larvicida y la composición fitoquímica asociada de extractos de plantas para el control del mosquito Aedes aegypti.
Fecha
2021
Autores
Álvarez Valverde, Víctor
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El mosquito Aedes aegypti es vector de diversas enfermedades tropicales como lo son el
dengue, Zika, chikungunya, Mayaro y fiebre amarilla, las cuales cobran la vida de cientos de
personas cada año, principalmente en países en vías de desarrollo que no cuentan con un
manejo integral de residuos solidados. La principal estrategia para prevenir estas
enfermedades es mediante el control del vector, ya sea eliminando criaderos, aplicando
control biológico o bien utilizando el control químico con plaguicidas sintéticos. El uso
indiscriminado de estos últimos conlleva a problemas como inespecificidad y desarrollo de
resistencia en las poblaciones del vector, por lo que la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos para
su combate es una tarea que resulta necesaria, en especial si los productos con los que se
busca sustituir estos plaguicidas sintéticos son productos naturales. El presente estudio tuvo
como objetivos evaluar la actividad larvicida de extractos etanólicos de plantas encontradas
comúnmente en Costa Rica, así como identificar los componentes que producen la actividad
larvicida en las fracciones de extractos más promisorias. Se evaluó la actividad larvicida de 26
extractos etanólicos de plantas mediante la metodología descrita por la Organización Mundial de la
Salud. Se eligió un total de 6 extractos con la toxicidad más elevada, siendo el extracto de tallos de I.
cairica el que presentó menor LC50 con un valor de 0,0341 mg/mL, seguido del extracto de hojas de
la misma planta con un valor de LC50 de 0,121 mg/mL. Luego se realizó un estudio bio-guiado del
extracto más activo (tallos) de I. cairica, mediante su fraccionamiento por cromatografía de capa fina
y de columna abierta. Los resultados permitieron concluir que el efecto larvicida se pierde al separar
los componentes químicos de la FDCM. Dentro de los componentes químicos mayoritarios,
detectados en la fracción con mayor actividad, se encontraron dos cumarinas: la umbeliferona y la
escopoletina, las cuales fueron confirmadas utilizando diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas como la TLC,
HPLC-DAD y HPLC-MS. Adicionalmente se pudo observar que estas dos cumarinas, ni juntas ni
separadas, son las responsables de la actividad larvicida, sino que podrían tener una actividad
sinérgica con los demás componentes químicos del extracto. Este estudio evidencia la actividad
larvicida de extractos etanólicos de plantas y principalmente el potencial larvicida de I. cairica como
una alternativa ambientalmente amigable para el control de Aedes aegypti.
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of several tropical diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, Mayaro and yellow fever, which claim the lives of hundreds of people each year, mainly in developing countries that do not have integrated solid waste management. The main strategy to prevent these diseases is through vector control, either by eliminating breeding sites, applying biological control or using chemical control with synthetic pesticides. The indiscriminate use of the latter leads to problems such as lack of specificity and development of resistance in vector populations, so the search for new compounds to combat these diseases is a necessary task, especially if the products used to replace these synthetic pesticides are natural products. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts of plants commonly found in Costa Rica, as well as to identify the components that produce larvicidal activity in the most promising fractions of extracts. The larvicidal activity of 26 ethanolic plant extracts was evaluated using the methodology described by the World Health Organization. A total of 6 extracts with the highest toxicity were chosen, being the extract of I. cairica stems the one that presented the lowest LC50 with a value of 0.0341 mg/mL, followed by the extract of leaves of the same plant with an LC50 value of 0.121 mg/mL. A bio-guided study of the most active extract (stems) of I. cairica was then carried out by fractionation by thin layer and open column chromatography. The results led to the conclusion that the larvicidal effect is lost upon separation of the chemical components of the FDCM. Among the major chemical components detected in the fraction with the highest activity, two coumarins were found: umbelliferone and scopoletin, which were confirmed using various physicochemical techniques such as TLC, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Additionally, it was observed that these two coumarins, neither together nor separately, are responsible for the larvicidal activity, but could have a synergistic activity with the other chemical components of the extract. This study evidences the larvicidal activity of ethanolic plant extracts and mainly the larvicidal potential of I. cairica as an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of Aedes aegypti.
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of several tropical diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, Mayaro and yellow fever, which claim the lives of hundreds of people each year, mainly in developing countries that do not have integrated solid waste management. The main strategy to prevent these diseases is through vector control, either by eliminating breeding sites, applying biological control or using chemical control with synthetic pesticides. The indiscriminate use of the latter leads to problems such as lack of specificity and development of resistance in vector populations, so the search for new compounds to combat these diseases is a necessary task, especially if the products used to replace these synthetic pesticides are natural products. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts of plants commonly found in Costa Rica, as well as to identify the components that produce larvicidal activity in the most promising fractions of extracts. The larvicidal activity of 26 ethanolic plant extracts was evaluated using the methodology described by the World Health Organization. A total of 6 extracts with the highest toxicity were chosen, being the extract of I. cairica stems the one that presented the lowest LC50 with a value of 0.0341 mg/mL, followed by the extract of leaves of the same plant with an LC50 value of 0.121 mg/mL. A bio-guided study of the most active extract (stems) of I. cairica was then carried out by fractionation by thin layer and open column chromatography. The results led to the conclusion that the larvicidal effect is lost upon separation of the chemical components of the FDCM. Among the major chemical components detected in the fraction with the highest activity, two coumarins were found: umbelliferone and scopoletin, which were confirmed using various physicochemical techniques such as TLC, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Additionally, it was observed that these two coumarins, neither together nor separately, are responsible for the larvicidal activity, but could have a synergistic activity with the other chemical components of the extract. This study evidences the larvicidal activity of ethanolic plant extracts and mainly the larvicidal potential of I. cairica as an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of Aedes aegypti.
Descripción
Maestría en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
MOSQUITOS, MOSQUITOES, INSECTOS VECTORES, AEDES AEGYPTI, VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE, ENFERMEDADES TROPICALES, TROPICAL DISEASES